one of time, and may not be reached in our | a small proportion of the Indian tribes withday and generation, but it needs no great in the dominion of the United States. The amount of political forethought to predict remainder, with the few exceptions of the that it can be no other than the extermina- straggling gipsy-like hordes that cling to the tion of the Indians, or their submission and older States, whence they are gradually disremoval to the Indian reserves, which have appearing, exist in a state of chronic warbeen and are to be set apart for the tribes fare against the white man, and against the by the Federal Government. The existing civilization of which the white man is alike reserve, bounded on the South by Texas, the emblem and the agent. They wage a on the North by Kansas, on the east by losing battle. The farmstead continually Arkansas, and on the west by the yet un-encroaches upon the wilderness. The man settled or very sparsely peopled territory who works encroaches upon the man who of New Mexico, is a country almost as large hunts; and the man who hunts, after a fight as Great Britain, and vastly more fertile. more or less vindictive and protracted, sucWhen the last decennial census of the cumbs to inevitable fate, and to the right United States was taken in 1860, the total arm of the stronger, and the wiser, though, Indian population living in peace within its perhaps by far the more unscrupulous, of own limits, and unmolested by the whites, the two. In the prose of an American was but 65,680, or scarcely one-fifth of the orator, that has all the rhythm and dignity population of the single city of Boston in of poetry, the Red Man "slowly and sadly Massachusetts. The total number of In- climbs the western mountains, and reads his dians in other States and territories in the doom in the departing, sun." Yet even Union was 228,750-in all, but 294,431; here, the last hope of security in the hunta number so small as to be less than the ing-grounds fails them. They are not only population of the city of Brooklyn, which pursued to the Rocky Mountains by the is a mere suburb of the great city of New aggressive forces of over-peopled New York. A few Indians still linger in the England and other Atlantic States, but by remoter parts of the older States so few the countless swarns of Irish, German, and as to be harmless by their numbers, and to other immigrants from Europe; and if they be no more in the way of the agricultural cross the ridge, and descend into the plains population than the gipsies are in England that slope towards the Pacific, in California, -gipsies, whom they very much resemble Oregon, and Columbia, they find that the in personal appearance, in predatory habits, all-conquering white man is there before and in the pretence of fortune-telling. In them, and that they have an enemy in front the state of New York there were in 1860, as fierce and unrelenting as him they left 140 of them; in Georgia, 38; in Ohio, 30; behind. Whatever hope there is for the and in Massachusetts, 32. The census was doomed people is in the reserve approtaken prior to the great civil war, and the priated to them by the grant of the United consequent abolition of slavery, and elicited States. Thither, if they will go, they may the somewhat singular fact in connection with the Indians in the reserved territory west of Arkansas, that they had learned to imitate their white neighbours in the Southern States, and, like them, assumed a superiority of race by holding negroes in slavery. From the tabulated statement presented to Congress, it appeared that the Choctaw nation in the Indian reserve held among them no less than 2297 negro slaves, distributed among 385 owners; the Cherokee nation, 2504, owned by 384 masters; the Creeks, 1661, owned by 267; and the Chickasaws, 917, owned by 118. The ten largest Cherokee slave-owners possessed each about 64 negroes, male and female; but the largest proprietor was a Choctaw, possessing 227. According to Mr. Kennedy's Preliminary Report on the Census, these tribes" presented an advanced state of civilization, and some of them had attained to a condition of wealth, comfort, and refinement." They formed, however, but

find rest and security; but not even rest and security, if they will not, like their brothers the Choctaws, the Cherokees, and the Creeks, consent to cultivate the soil and apply themselves to the useful arts. A nation of huntsmen cannot long remain amid teeming nations of farmers and manufacturers; and in the contests that arise from their contact the wild huntsman disappears, and the land remains to him who will patiently plough it and reap its harvests. This has been the course of events in Australia, even more rapidly than in America. This also will be, unless all appearances are deceptive, the course of events in New Zealand, in South Africa, and in every part of the globe where the proud white man finds himself in antagonism of interest with men of any other colour.

The antipathy-there never was any real antagonism-between the white man and the black in America was never so

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In the year 1774, before their independence was secured, the plucky little republic of Rhode Island - the smallest in area, but by no means the smallest in public spirit and intelligence, in the United States -not only prohibited the slave-trade with Africa, but in the following year took the initiative in emancipation, by enacting that all children born thereafter of slave-mothers resident within its limits should be free.

fierce as that between the white and the red. The black man was docile and useful, and when he was first forcibly deported into America from his native Africa, he was brought as the lawful spoil of the wars that were incessantly raging among the chiefs and the petty kings of his own people, and accepted the doom of slavery with as much unconcern as he would have imposed it had he been the stronger party. It has been the custom among Americans, and more The contiguous republic of Massachusetts especially among the bitter Puritans of the abolished both slavery and the slave-trade nigger-worshipping" party (the phrase is by her Bill of Rights in 1780. In the same native American, not English), to lay all year, Pennsylvania, where the Quaker interthe fault of negro slavery at the door of est was at the time paramount, did the the British Government, and to assert that same. Connecticut prohibited the slaveif the American colonists had originally trade in 1784, and declared that all children been left to themselves in this matter, they of slave-mothers born within its territory never would have enslaved the negroes, or after the 1st of March in that year should people of any other colour. But this asser- be free. Virginia, though it did not abolish tion is idle and unfounded. Neither the slavery, prohibited the slave-trade in 1778, people of Great Britain nor of the colonies, and Maryland in 1783. New Hampshire nor of France, nor of Spain, nor any other abolished slavery in 1792; New York in civilized nation existing at the time when 1783; and New Jersey, contiguous to New the overflow of the great European swarm York, only in 1820. It was not until 1808 first settled upon the fertile and apparently that the slave-trade was finally abolished inexhaustible land of the North and South throught the whole Union, and slavery itself American continents, thought that slavery left to live or die as the several States interwas a sin, or anything else but right, natural, and proper. The very Puritans that landed in the Mayflower deemed slavery to be a divine institution, and enslaved the women and children of the Indians whom they overthrew in battle, notwithstanding a provision in the famous Blue Laws of Connecticut, forbidding either the holding or the selling of negro slaves. The Spaniards first imported negro slaves into America about the year 1503; and by the year 1550, or thereabouts, the importation had been so great into the West India Islands that the aboriginal Caribs had wellnigh disappeared, and the cultivation of the prolific soil was almost wholly conducted by Africans and a few white overseers. Ne-vation of sugar, rice, and cotton. Negro groes were first imported into Virginia in 1619, and into Massachusetts in 1646-the first slave-ship ever fitted out in the British colonies having sailed from Boston, in that State. But the growth of the colonies in those days of comparatively difficult and uncertain intercourse was not rapid, and no great number of slaves was required to till the narrow slips of country on the Atlantic coast, which then formed what long continued to be called "The Plantations." Up to so late a period in the history of slavery as the year 1790-when the United States had long been in the enjoyment of their well-won independence the number of slaves in the Union, both in the North and the South, only amounted to 700,000.

ested in its continuance might determine. Great credit has invariably been taken to themselves by the New England and other Northern States which abolished slavery at this comparatively early period, for the magnanimous spirit and truly Christian charity which they displayed in thus placing themselves, as it were, in the vanguard of the world's progress. But the credit is not altogether due. Throughout all those regions white men can perform every kind of agricultural labour, and are not disabled, as at the south, by the extreme heat of summer, or the malaria of the swamp and jungle, and the unwholesomeness of the lowlying alluvial lands best fitted for the culti

labour, too—and more especially negro slave-labour - it should be remembered, is the most costly of all labour; and as the white men in the cold northern parts of the Union were quite capable of field-work in all seasons, and did it not only better but more cheaply than the negro, whether he were free or a slave, negro labour, espe cially in agriculture, was gradually dispensed with. And if the labour of the free negro is costly on account of the inefficiency of the labour, that of the negro slave is more costly still, inasmuch as the slave-owner is burdened with his subsistence during the non-labouring ages of his life- from birth to adolescence, and during the years of his decay and decrepitude, at whatever age

law. A white man in America may look with admiration upon a comely black woman, and other white men will wonder at the depravity of his taste, and think no further of the matter; but if a black man, the civil war and its results notwithstanding, dare so much as to ogle a white girl, he does it at the risk of his life if there are white spectators of his offence, or if the aggrieved girl take her relations or friends of her own colour into her confidence to avenge the insult. The white man who commits a rape is tried in due form before the court; but the black who commits the same crime, if his victim be a white woman, undergoes no trial, but is hung at the nearest lamp-post by the sentence of the mob. In the Western States, when white women are so treasonable to their colour as to marry black men, however respectable or wealthy their husbands may be, the ban and the anathema of the white race are upon them - happy if they escape insult as they pass along the streets, and most commonly hooted out of society, and expelled from the city or the State which they are thought to have contaminated.

these calamities may come upon him, until | of America - who had preached in London, his final death and burial. The New-Eng- and been hospitably entertained by the Exlanders, New-Yorkers, Pennsylvanians, and eter Hall section of the British aristocracy, others in similar circumstances of climate was forcibly ejected in New York from a and production, were not long in discover-street car, which he had entered on his reing that white labour was best, and that turn from Europe. This gentleman (the negro slavery did not pay. When fully Rev. Dr. Pendleton) was only half a negro, aware of the fact, they set themselves right being the son of a white father; and was, with nature and with political and social moreover, a shareholder to the extent of economy. Many influential people in the ten thousand dollars (£2000) in the comlegislatures of those States, or who, not pany by whose cars he thought himself being legislators, had influence enough to entitled to travel in right of his pocket if accertain what was coming, took advantage not of his skin-but he had to submit to of the priority of intelligence to deport their expulsion with what grace he might, and able-bodied slaves to the South before they his remedy, if he had any, in a court of acts of emancipation were passed; so that when emancipation was publicly decreed, there were few negroes left behind to be emancipated except the aged and the infirm. In the Northern States, after emancipation, and up to the time of the great civil war, the negroes and coloured people had but a hard time of it. They were men and women, it is true, and not chattels. They could not be bought and sold, but they could be denied political rights and social equality, and they could be trodden down into the condition of Pariahs. In some of the Northern States they could not serve as jurymen in none were they eligible to any State office of trust and emolument; and if in some, such as Massachusetts, they were allowed the privilege of a vote, the privilege was encumbered by the qualification of a certain amount of property, and of contribution to the public burdens, not exacted from the whites. They were not allowed to appear in the theatres, in the churches, in the street omnibuses and cars, to associate on terms of equality with the dominant race. If the coloured people accepted the conditions, they were not only not molested, but were patronized and encouraged in the In the Northern States the negroes have pursuits to which they betook themselves not only had to struggle against the hardfor subsistence. But if they asserted their ships of the social inferiority imposed upon social equality (their legal equality was them, but against a climate which is not totally out of the question), public opinion favourable to the health and fecundity of came down upon them with relentless force, their race. During the seventy years from and taught them, by the judgment of Mr. 1790 to 1860, the number of free coloured Justice Lynch, that rough-and-ready chief people in all the States, North and South, magistrate of the streets and the gutters, to rose from 59,466 to 482,123 partly by natknow their proper place, and not presume ural increase, and partly by the emancipaeither to laugh, to pray, to eat or to drink, in tion of the slaves in the North and West. the presence of their white superiors. Even In later years, and until the results of the the half-breeds or mulattoes were trodden civil war had set the coloured people free, into the same social inferiority as the full- the increase of the free negroes, not being blooded negroes. A short time before the aided by emancipation, and only by such civil war, a coloured but not very black chance fugitives as escaped from the South, clergyman, who had taken the degree of was exceedingly slow, and in some States Doctor of Divinity at the University of there was either no increase or a positive Heidelberg-in default of the possibility diminution, in consequence of the deaths of acquiring a diploma from any University exceeding the births in number.

Upon

this point Mr. Kennedy, in his Preliminary | the black such as is seldom or never seen in Report on the Census of 1860, says:

white households, where the servants are of "In the interval from 1850 to 1860, the total the same colour as their masters and misfree coloured population of the United States in- tresses. The black nurse who had attended creased from 434,449 to 488,005, or at the rate upon young "master" or young "missus" of 12.33 per cent in ten years, showing an an- in infancy and childhood, has commonly benual increase of one per cent. This result in- come the absolute ruler of both young mascludes the number of slaves liberated and those ter and young missus when they had arrived who have escaped from their owners, together at maturity, and gave the law, like to that with the natural increase. In the same decade of the Medes and Persians, in all matters the slave population, omitting those of the Indi- pertaining to their health and comfort when an tribes west of Arkansas, increased 23.39 per at home. The sway or the tyranny was cent; and the white population 37.97 per cent, that of affection, and its burden was light, which rates exceed that of the free coloured by and was accepted, partly with a sense of twofold and threefold respectively. Inversely, these comparisons imply an excessive mortality amusement, but in a far greater degree with among the free coloured, which is particularly a sense of gratitude to the kindly creatures evident in the large cities. Thus, in Boston, whom not even slavery itself could divest during the five years ending with 1859, the city of some of the noblest attributes of humanregistrar observes: The number of coloured ity. How long the institution of slavery births was one less than the number of mar- could have maintained itself, or been mainriages, and the deaths exceeded the births in tained, by brute force in the United States, the proportion of nearly two to one.' In Provi- if the civil war had not intervened, and cut dence, where a very correct registry has been in the Gordian knot of a problem that seemed operation, under the superintendence of Dr. at one time to defy all peaceable solution, Snow, the deaths are one in twenty-four of the none can now tell; though there is great coloured; and in Philadelphia, during the last reason to believe that the Southern States, six months of the census year, the new city reg-if they had been left to themselves to deal istration gives 148 births against 306 deaths with the slave question as the Northern among the free coloured. Taking town and country together, however, the results are more States had dealt with it, by their own action favourable. In the State registries of RhodeIsland and Connecticut, where the distinction of colour has been specified, the yearly deaths of the blacks and mulattoes have generally, though not uniformly, exceeded the yearly births, -a high rate of mortality, chiefly ascribed to consumption and other diseases of the respiratory system."

and at their own time, would have inaugurated a system of gradual emancipation, to take effect before the slaves became too many, and consequently too costly, to be maintained on the old and extravagant footing. So little did the North and the Federal Government under Mr. Lincoln imagine for many months after the outbreak of the civil war that it was possible or desirable to emancipate the slaves at one blow, that Mr. Lincoln in 1862, when the war had almost reached its utmost range, and its most intense bitterness, proposed for the adoption of Congress a resolution amendatory of the Constitution, with the object of procuring the gradual and compensated abolition of slavery on or before the 1st of January 1900. The progress of time and the fortune of war decided against the consideration of Mr. Lincoln's far-sighted policy; and when at last he launched his

In the South where the climate agreed with the negro constitution, and where, as slaves, they were well fed, even if severely worked -the race increased very rapidly. From the year 1810-two years after the foreign slave trade had been abolished, and there were no further importations from Africa to the year 1860-the negroes in slavery had increased from 1,191,364 to 3,953,587, or to nearly four millions. In the South, during all these years, there was neither antipathy nor antagonism between the white race and the black. The negroes conceded their social, their legal, and their Bull," as he himself called it, against human inferiority, and there was not only slavery, and decreed, by the authority of peace, but a certain amount of friendship the United States, that all slaves within its and regard between them and their masters. States and territories should thenceforth and But if an individual negro asserted his for ever after be free, he did this, not from equality, war broke out immediately, and motives of philanthropy or Christianity, or the weaker as is the necessity of this overpowering hatred of slavery as an instiphysical world — went to the wall. As re-tution, other than an aggressive one, that gards the female negroes and the aged of threatened to invade the North, but solely both sexes, there was throughout the whole as a war measure, and on the ground, often of the Southern slaveholding States a degree taken in minor matters by meaner persons, of affection exhibited by the white towards that all is fair in love and war. The ex

pectation was, that the negroes would rise mains a question for the future to decide in insurrection against their masters as soon on what terms the two races of white and as the glorious gift of freedom was offered black will consent to dwell together. The to them as the recompense of their valour. negro is no longer a contented man. He But the negroes did nothing of the kind. is a free citizen, it is true free to starve They had neither the spirit nor the wish to if he chooses, and free also to assert and set themselves against their masters, and claim a legal equality with the man who had learned, from such public opinion exis- formerly owned him. But if he be free to tent among the whites as found utterance assert his social equality, he is not free to among them, to dislike the Northerners, or enforce it; for no laws that any legislature "the Yankees," quite as much as their can frame or any judge decree, can regulate owners. During the war, numbers of mu- the social intercourse of society, or compel lattoes, who had more enterprise and intel- a white man to associate on friendly terms ligence than their unmixed brothers of the with a negro, or admit him to the hospitalipure black race, acted as spies and as guides ties of his table and his family circle. And to the Northern armies; but as such the equality does not now, and never did, exist full-blooded negroes kept aloof, or if they at the North, and will never be tolerated expressed and felt any sympathy, it was either at the North or the South. There for their masters, whom they considered to are already symptoms that the Southern nebe wrongfully invaded. Both parties to the groes are quite aware of the fact, and parquarrel misunderstood the negro. The tially, if not wholly, reconciled to it, as one North overvalued his assistance, and the that exists in white human nature, and South underrated it. But the mistake against which it is useless, and might be made by the South was the greatest of all. suicidal, for black human nature to rebel. In the pride of their white blood, the South-They see that their only chance of being alern people scorned to owe their independ-lowed to live in peace among the whites ence to the hands of their bondsmen, though lies in the subordination to the race that there can be little doubt that if they had deems itself superior, and will manifest its taken the negroes into their confidence, and superiority socially if not legally. Hitherto promised every black soldier who joined the the Northern emissaries and functionaries Confederate army, and served faithfully to who have flocked into the South on the the conclusion of the war, his freedom, to- chances of making fortunes, bearing with gether with that of his wife and family, they them the carpet-bags containing their whole would have had an efficient black army, available property (hence their popular name that might have been led to many a victory of" carpet-baggers"), have for political purby white generals, and numbered as many poses endeavoured, and often successfully, fighting men as the North secured among to humble the white man, and teach the the Irish and the Germans by the bribe of black to assume the airs of social equality. bounty-money. But on this point the The result has been anything but favourable Southern leaders were obstinate, and their to the permanent amity of the two races. obstinacy was fatal-an obstinacy all the But time, that smooths away so many more remarkable in view of the undoubted roughnesses, will doubtless soften the hosfact that, had the South proclaimed even tility of the carpet-baggers if they remain the partial emancipation of the negro race, in the South, and desire to associate with the sympathy of the anti-slavery party in people of their own colour. They will beEngland and France, that ran so strongly come imbued, nolens volens, with the opinfor the Northern cause, would have sensibly ions of the society around them -a society diminished; and the last great argument in which the ladies, there as in all other against the recognition of the Confederacy civilized portions of the earth, reign unas a confederacy of which slavery was the challenged and supreme. The great dancorner-stone, would have ceased to be of ger, however, that most besets the negro any weight in the councils of civilization. race lies in those portions of the South "The freedmen" or the "coloured citi-and they are extensive as well as produczens," as the former slaves in the Southern tive in which the climate offers no obstaStates are sometimes called, have now for cle to the employment of white men in agrifour years been face to face with their old cultural labour. In those regions white masters, and some of them-principally, competition will ultimately become too however, among the mulattoes have been strong for them; and if the negroes are too elected by universal suffrage to political and numerous to procure work or to be mainother offices of trust and emolument. tained as paupers at the expense of the Though many of these have expressed a community, they will inevitably be comwillingness to work for wages, it still re-pelled to emigrate to more favourable re

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