stage, in which the subject reasons and evidences hightened sense perception. Increased suggestibility is certainly a manifestation of hypnosis, but this depends upon increased sensitivity.

Sidis has studied the laws of suggestibility in both the normal and hypnotic state, and formulates them as follows:

In the waking state. - Suggestion is successful in direct proportion to its indirectness, and the subject's inattention. That is, if preoccupied, he can be more easily influenced to do unconsciously the thing suggested.

In the hypnotic state. - Suggestion is effective in direct proportion to its directness and subject's attention.

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The only conception with which the phenomena can be harmonized is the idea of subliminal consciousness so ably brought out by the late W. H. H. Myers. Sidis has elaborated this, and it is now shall we say established?—well, certainly a good working hypothesis. Altho it was mentioned in the chapter on Consciousness," it may not be amiss to emphasize it by repetition. Every sight, sound, smell, taste, or tactile sensation which the nerve end organs are capable of appreciating, is conveyed to the brain, there to be stored away as a memory. A large part of these facts never rise into consciousness, or if consciously perceived at the time, are soon relegated to the subconscious. This subliminal consciousness presides over most of the body functions,

some of which have passed absolutely beyond conscious control, like the inhibitory control of the heartbeat. Others, like respiration, are still subject to conscious control, if the conscious sees fit to exercise it.

The conscious self decides which of the many sense perceptions are relevant to the subject upon which the attention is concentrated, and ignores the remainder. That is, the human will not only decides whether or no it will accept as motives to action certain sense perceptions, but, moreover, refuses to listen to many.

It is well known that a willingness to be hypnotized is absolutely essential. Now this willingness is a throwing off one's normal seclusion, and inviting the senses to bring in their retainers. This willingness to listen to suggestions implies the probability of accepting them, unless they offend the moral sense.

One has temporarily established the operator as the doorkeeper of his mental sanctuary, and has agreed to be polite to his guests, so long as they do not transgress the laws of good breeding. This condition explains why, at first, most hypnotists supposed their subjects to be unable to resist suggestions, but afterward discovered that volition was only suspended, not lost. The volition seems to be able to refuse improper suggestions either by arousing the subject or by changing the alert stage into one of lethargy.

Amnesia in the waking state of the events of the hypnotic does not prove that the subject was unconscious at the time of their occurrence. In fact, at a subsequent hypnosis the memory of all that transpired in the former hypnosis is perfect, which proves quite the opposite of unconsciousness.

It must be admitted that our modern conception of the hypnotic state as one in which the subject knowingly accepts ludicrous suggestions, forgets his own name, accepts hallucinations, and then forgets it all on waking, necessitates some seeming contradictions. It involves a deal of subtle reasoning.

A number of instances are on record where this double consciousness has become so dissociated as to give rise to double personality two individuals using the same brain and each unconscious of the other. The case of the Rev. Mr. Hanna is a sample.

Dr. Morton Prince has reported a case where hypnosis revealed four distinct aggregations of consciousness, all of which were sufficiently characteristic to be called personalities.

The problem of personality is manifestly beyond our scope, but we must consider the implication of the theory of double consciousness. The subconscious appreciation of time has been referred to. The ability to wake at a certain time is a very common experience. Many eminent men have stated that they habitually prepare speeches by a process which necessitates what Carpenter called "uncon'The Dissociation of a Personality, 1906.

scious cerebration." The essential data are noted and then the mind - the conscious mind - drops the matter. When the occasion arrives the speech is made or the paper is written with a lucidity which indicates that some power has been at work during the subject's conscious neglect. Not only does hypnotism reveal a hightened moral sense in the subconscious, but Sidis has proved by the sphygmograph and pneumograph a hyperesthesia of all the

senses.

Concerning the possibility of clairvoyance, clairaudience, prevision, and telepathy, an endless amount of study and investigation is required before one has any right to an opinion or can have an intelligent opinion. The Society for Psychic Research has accumulated a vast amount of evidence which has convinced a portion of the members of these supranormal occurrences. Another portion still feels that the evidence is insufficient.

One point should never be lost sight of, that any of these questionable phenomena, to be of evidential value to a third party, should be carefully recorded and attested at the time. Any case of prevision should be so recorded and witnessed prior to the time of fulfilment.

Hypnotism at a distance is, I believe, unproved. A subject might be given a post-hypnotic suggestion that at a certain time he would fall asleep, and in this sense hypnotism beyond the range of personal contact of operator and subject is quite possible.

HYPNOTISM AT A DISTANCE

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The believers in animal magnetism were wont to claim that the operator's will was obeyed quite as perfectly as his spoken commands. I do not remember seeing this claim put forth by modern hypnotists.

The greatest caution is here necessary lest one betray his feelings by inflection or gesture. Many of the errors of recent experiments have arisen from the erroneous conception that the subject was unconscious. The fact that he is hyperesthetic should be constantly borne in mind.