absolutely necessary for him to marry again, to have heirs for the sake and succession of France. The Emperor of Russia offered him the Archduchess Ann. A council was held on the subject, and, in taking into consideration this marriage, a clause providing for the free exercise of the Greek religion, and also that a chapel should be allowed in the Tuileries for the worship of that faith, was strongly objected to by some of the members, as likely to render the marriage unpopular in France. At this moment Schwarzenberg offered a Princess of the House of Austria. Napoleon replied it was quite indifferent to him; so, as they gave him no trouble on the subject, this business was speedily settled. This was at ten o'clock at night; before midnight the copy of a treaty was drawn out (copied nearly word for word from the marriage contract between Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette), signed by him, transmitted to Vienna; and Maria Louisa became the new Empress.1

Thursday 17th.-Napoleon did not make his appearance till dinner. He conversed a little, and retired early to the after cabin; he remained but a short time at the card-table.

In conversation with Sir George Cockburn last night it turned on Waterloo. He said that he would not have attacked Wellington on the 18th had he supposed he would have fought him. He acknowledged that he had not exactly reconnoitred the position. He praised the British troops, and gave the same account of the final result as in the official despatch. He denied that the movement of the Prussians on his flank had any effect; the malevolent, he said, raised a cry of Sauve qui peut! and as it was already dark he could not remedy it. Had there been daylight,' he added, 'I should have thrown aside my cloak, and every Frenchman would have rallied round me; but darkness and treachery were too much for me.' 2

Saturday 19th.-At dinner, Napoleon talked of Toulon with animation. He said the only wound he had ever received was from an English sailor (by a pike) in the hand, at the storm of Fort Mülgrave, the possession of which led to the evacuation of that town. This led to talking of the Navy; he said the only good naval cfficer he had had was one whose name he pronounced Cas-mo, who, when Admiral Dumanoir was acquitted by a court-martial (having been tried for leaving the battle of

2

In 1810.

Compare Las Cases (English edition, 1824, vol. iii., pp. 286-310).

Trafalgar, and for having afterwards surrendered to Sir Richard Strachan), took the sword that was delivered to him by the President and broke it. The Admiral asked him for some other naval character, whose name I have forgotten; he answered, 'He behaved well in one action, I made him Admiral on the spot, and the consequence was the very next year he lost me two ships in the Bay of Rosas.'

6

In conversation with the Admiral before dinner he made the following remarkable observation, I was at the head of an army at twenty-four; at thirty, from nothing I had risen to be the head of my country, for as First Consul I had as much power as I afterwards had as Emperor. I should have died,' he added, the day after I entered Moscow; my glory then would have been established for ever.' The Admiral replied that to be a truly great character it was necessary to suffer adversity as well as prosperity; he assented, but said, 'My lot has been a little too severe.'

Sunday, August 20th.-Napoleon at dinner again began to question the chaplain respecting the reformed religion; whether we used the crucifix; how many sacraments we had? Grace was said, and he asked whether it was a benedicite.

He walked for a considerable time by moonlight; and seeing the Admiral did not play at cards, refrained himself.

Thursday 24th.-We were standing on and off in Funchal roads. The British Consul dined on board the Northumberland; he was asked a number of questions about the island by Napoleon; the heights, the number of inhabitants, &c. The flippant, pert manner of this gentleman greatly annoyed Bonaparte, and he remained silent for the rest of dinner; after which he walked, leaning on the Admiral's arm; but on the Consul joining them, he immediately retired to his own cabin, which he did not leave for the night.

Friday 25th.-We left Madeira, and on the 27th passed through the Canary Islands.

In one of his conversations, Napoleon talked of the new Prussian Constitution, and complained of the admission of the people into the States; freedom, he said, would answer in England, but nowhere else. The Admiral reminded him of what he had himself done in France, which he said he was obliged to do, to secure a momentary popularity. He seemed to think that no one could manage the French but himself, but by no means hinted

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2

that he had ever intended they should have more than the semblance of a free constitution.

Sunday 27th.-At dinner an argument arose on the subject of religion; the ladies were the principal speakers, but it was one with which they were evidently not acquainted. At length high words took place between Montholon and Gourgaud, the latter accusing Montholon of wanting respect for his wife. The Admiral put a stop to the argument by rising from the table; but it is not difficult to perceive that envy, hatred, and all uncharitableness are firmly rooted in Bonaparte's family; and that their residence at St. Helena will be rendered very uncomfortable by it. The subject of religion was started by the Admiral telling Napoleon that a Portuguese priest had offered to attend him to St. Helena. Napoleon returned an answer that proved his perfect indifference to the thing; but the ladies requested to know whether there was anything of the kind in the island, which occasioned the argument above mentioned.

6

September 5th.-There has been of late but little conversation. with Bonaparte, and nothing worthy of observation till yesterday, when, in the afternoon walk, Egypt was mentioned. The Admiral asked him if there was any truth in the report of the massacre of the Turks at Jaffa. He frankly confessed there was; he said these people had been made prisoners before, and had promised not to serve again, instead of which they threw themselves into the town. They were summoned, and threatened with no quarter if they resisted; they did resist, and consequently were put to death. He then talked of poisoning his own people, and said: That is a story Wilson got hold of; the idea, though agitated, was never carried into execution; and the circumstance that did take place is as follows: When retreating from before Acre, there remained some men in the hospital at Jaffa, whose death was certain, and whom it was impossible to remove. I knew that if the men were left to Dyazza Pascha he would have impaled them or made them suffer great tortures; to avoid which, as their recovery was quite out of the question, I proposed that a certain quantity of laudanum should be given to each. The chief surgeon of my army refused; he said his business was to cure, not to destroy. The affair was then debated in council, when some were in favour of the measure, and others against it. At last the surgeon declared that if a force was left for forty-eight hours the men in question would all be dead. I remained twenty-four

hours myself, and left a rearguard twenty-four hours more, when, the men being all dead, the force was withdrawn.'

He said that he had had the plague himself, and that he constantly visited the plague hospitals while in the command of the army on that station.

He talked of the Queen of Prussia, and said she was a very fine woman, and that she had been brought into his company to get what she could. After he had paid her many compliments and presented her with a rose, she asked for Magdeburg; he added, Had she made the application sooner, I might have presented it to her, but affairs were gone so far, and were so settled, that I could not have complied without having altered the whole of the treaty. When she found she could not gain from me what she wanted, she altered her behaviour to me.'

Monday 11th.-To-day Napoleon observed to the Admiral that on his return from Elba he received, shortly after his arrival at Paris, a private communication from Ferdinand VII., stating that whatever demonstration he might make in concert with the Allies, it should be confined to that and that his troops should not enter France; adding to this, many upstart expressions of esteem. He also said that a similar communication had been made from the Portuguese Regency, which accounts for their refusal of troops and their conduct towards Beresford, &c.

Yesterday at table he spoke of the Turks and their manner of eating, taking up their rice, fowls, or other meat with their fingers. This brought on a story, after he had left the table, from Madame Bertrand, that when Bonaparte was First Consul the Turkish Ambassador was at table, when green peas made their first appearance at the commencement of the season, into which he darted his fingers; and that Josephine, seeing what he had done, ordered the dish to be instantly removed. General Gourgaud said it was impossible that a person of such manners as she possessed would be guilty of so much rudeness. Having brought General Gourgaud forward, I must say that he seems the only man of ability among them, and I make no doubt that he is a good officer and a true Frenchman.

Tuesday 12th.-Yesterday the captain of marines (Beattie) dined at the Admiral's table; he had been in Egypt, and the conversation turned on this, Bonaparte's favourite subject.

He asked a variety of questions; whether Captain B. had observed his (Bonaparte's) tent on Mount Carmel. He said that

a shell fell very near him one day at the siege of Acre, and that two men clasped him in their arms, choosing rather to destroy themselves than that any injury should happen to their chief. One of these men was a private in the Chasseurs, and is now a general. He lost his arm at the battle of Borodino, and was made Governor of the Castle of Vincennes. When the Allies penetrated into France in 1814' this officer was summoned to surrender. He answered that when they restored him the arm he had lost in Russia he would comply with their request.

After dinner Napoleon was again questioned on the subject of his projected invasion of England. Sir George Cockburn said that many people in the country were persuaded it was never intended otherwise than merely as a feint, and to put us to expenses; his answer was :

'Mr. Pitt never thought so; I had well weighed the consequences, and I calculated that if I did not succeed the demonstrations would do me great disservice, as it would make the English a military nation, and at the same time would give the ministers a command of money, since no other measure could authorise them to call for so large a sum as in this case was requisite. I was very well pleased to see the preparations the English made on the coast opposite Boulogne, at which place it was never my intention to have attempted a landing. I kept up this farce by frequent embarkations and by the exercise of my flotilla. My real point of attack would have been somewhere between Margate and Deal. I calculated that I could have possessed myself of the lines of Chatham as a point of retreat. I should then have pushed for London, and, had I arrived there, I should have offered very moderate terms of peace, taking care, however, so far to cripple you that you could have done no further mischief, nor have disturbed my future plans. Whether I should have succeeded or not I can't say, but such were my projects.'

He then talked of Ireland, where he said he had as many friends amongst the Protestants as amongst the Catholics.

An expedition for the country was at one time nearly ready to sail. It was to have left Antwerp, and have gone north, and was to have landed thirty thousand men in the North of Ireland. Roger O'Connor was to have accompanied them; but I knew better than to trust him with the command. I granted them everything they asked, relative to the settlement of the government of the country, if it should have been conquered. It