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of thousands, and was thought worthy to appear mentioned with respect by any writer of great in the most superb binding. He had numerous literary eminence. Young coupled his prose admirers in Holland and among the Huguenots with the poetry of the wretched D'Urfey. In of France. With the pleasures, however, he ex- the Spiritual Quixote the adventures of Christian perienced some of the pains of eminence. Knav-are ranked with those of Jack the Giant Killer ish booksellers put forth volumes of trash under and John Hickathrift. Cowper ventures to his name, and envious scribblers maintained it praise the great allegorist, but did not venture to to be impossible that the poor ignorant tinker name him. It is a significant circumstance that, should really be the author of the book which till a recent period, all the numerous editions of was called his. the Pilgrim's Progress were evidently meant for the cottage and the servant's hall. The paper, the printing, the plates, were all of the meanest description. In general, when the educated minority and the common people differ about the merit of a book, the opinion of the educated minority finally prevails. The Pilgrim's Progress is perhaps the only book about which, after the lapse of a hundred years, the educated minority has come over to the opinion of the common people.

He took the best way to confound both those who counterfeited him and those who slandered him. He continued to work the Gold-field which he had discovered, and to draw from it new treasures, not indeed with quite such ease and in quite such abundance as when the precious soil was still virgin, but yet with success which left all competition far behind. In 1684 appeared the second part of the Pilgrim's Progress. It was soon followed by the Holy War, which, if the Pilgrim's Progress did not exist, would be the best allegory that ever was written.

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Bunyan's subsequent career we need not follow here. We have said enough to direct

The fame of Bunyan during his life, and dur-attention to Mr. Macaulay's brilliant little ing the century which followed his death, was sketch, and to suggest the spirit in which the indeed great, but was almost entirely confined Encyclopædia must be conducted which has to religious families of the middle and lower been able to provide for its pages matter of classes. Very seldom was he during that time such sterling quality.

From The Spectator. LAST DAYS OF ALEXANDER AND FIRST DAYS OF NICHOLAS.*

and of its malaria, which induces severe and (if neglected) fatal fevers and congestions, of which indeed Alexander died; sketches of the peasantry, the country and its productions, in IN 1824, Dr. Lee joined the establishment passing; visits to public institutions, chiefly of Count now Prince Woronzow, who has hospitals, with remarks on Russian practice lately withdrawn from the government of and practitioners thirty years ago. The preGeorgia. He resided for two years in the dominant features of the book are its indicaCount's family as physician both at Odessa tions of Russian government, Russian Society, and St. Petersburg. Part of his sojourn was and the Russian masses, as they were in 1824rendered memorable by the death of Alexan- 1826. In this point of view Dr. Lee's little der, and the outbreak of the conspiracy whose book is the most truthful and picturesque we object was to dethrone the house of Romanoff remember to have read. His position and his and revolutionize Russia; part in a less de- residence of course gave him much better opgree by the treaty which was extorted from portunities of acquiring knowledge than a Turkey in 1826, by proceedings like those of common tourist; and he seems to have gone Menschikoff lately, but, by which war was to the country without preconceived notions, postponed till 1828. From his position, Dr. certainly without any such opinions one way Lee had access to the highest society. In ge- or another as of late years most men would neral conversation, his character as an Eng- have gone with. Opinions Dr. Lee expresses, lishman inspired a confidence which it would but they are forced upon him by what he conappear was not considered prudent between tinually sees and hears. The incidents, inRussians. Of his observations during his re-deed hardly incidents, are of so slight a charsidence Dr. Lee kept a journal, from which acter, but so terribly significant of the insethis volume is chiefly extracted, the extracts cure and suspicious nature of Russian society, being united by connecting passages, and oc- that they speak more forcibly than greater casionally accompanied by illustrative foot- matters. This was one of his earliest experiences.

notes.

The topics of the book are various. There are accounts of the beauties of the Crimea,

The Last Days of Alexander, and the First Days of Nicholas, (Emperors of Russia). By Robert Lee, M.D., F.R.S. Published by Bentley.

Society at Odessa seemed as free and unrestrained as in London; and there was nothing apparent to a stranger from which it could at this time be suspected that a conspiracy existed to destroy the Emperor Alexander and subvert

We shall meet the Prince Valhonsky again. To continue the subject of espionage, Dr. Lee's private journal was the matter of a friendly hint from the late Russian Ambassador in England.

the government of the country. At a public ball, | credit what has been stated to me, that his Mahowever, a circumstance occurred to me one jesty is one of the most false characters that night, which arrested my attention, and excited exists, and that he has a very unforgiving disa suspicion that the affairs of the country were position." Recent events, if not his whole not in so quiet a state as the surface indicated. After conversing for a time with Count de career have shown that Dr. Lee's informant had Witt, Prince Serge Volhonsky whispered in my judged Nicholas rightly. It is the writer's opinear, "Take care what you say: he is the Empe- ion that Russia has very greatly retrograded in ror's spy:" which afterwards was actually proved every point under the rule of Nicholas. Alexto be the case. ander was weak and vain; his highest liberality was of an autocratic cast, and in the latter years of his reign this liberality had greatly diminished. The assassination of Kotzebue, the conspiracies of German students and Italian Carbonari, as well as the revolt in Greece, had disposed him to acts of repression. Still he was tolerant in religion to the last, a friend to a sort of education, a firm supporter of the During the time we remained at Taganrog, I resided in the same apartments with Baron Bible Society and the distribution of Bibles in Brunnow, and was on very friendly terms with Russia, both of which Nicholas soon put a stop him. One day he related to me the following to. Alexander's personal character was mild, anecdote, in his most playful manner. "An Eng- and he was very considerate to those about lish nobleman and the celebrated M. de Montes- him. Dr. Lee saw but little of him, and that quicu once met at Venice, and were comparing only on his tour through the Southern prothe English and French nations. M. Montes- vinces, which death intercepted at Taganrog. quieu maintained that the French were much Here is the first interview. The unusual and more intelligent and acute than the English. condescending familiarity with strangers seems The Englishman did not contradict him, although he did not give his assent entirely, being to recall Napoleon's "Greek of the Lower prevented by politeness from contradicting him. Empire." Every night M. de Montesquieu committed to paper what had passed during the day. On the the afternoon, accompanied by General Diebitch, following morning after this conversation, an Sir James Wylie, and a few attendants. When Italian entered the apartments of the Marquis, he dismounted from his horse in front of the and said, "You keep a journal of what you ob-house at Yoursouff, Count Woronzow, his aidesserve, and it is disliked extremely by the Govern-de-camp, secretaries, and myself, were standing ment. I advise you to burn your journal imme-in a line to receive him.

He arrived at Yoursouff about four o'clock in

diately, otherwise you will run the risk of being Though apparently active, and in the prime thrown into prison." He immediately cast his and vigor of life, the Emperor stooped a little in journal into the fire, and it was consumed. The walking, and seemed rather inclined to corpusame evening, the English nobleman waited upon lency. He was dressed in a blue military surhim, and M. de Montesquieu related the circum-tout, with epaulettes, and had nothing to distinstance, and expressed himself very uneasy at the guish him from any general officer. He shook thought of being subjected to imprisonment. Count Woronzow by the hand, and afterwards The Englishman observed, "Now you see the difference between the English and French: had this happened to an Englishman, he would have considered the probability of this, or at least have endeavored to avoid it; he would certainly not have thrown his journal into the fire as you have done. I sent the Italian to see how you would act on this occasion, for the purpose of showing you the difference between the two

nations."

In spite of this kind and delicate hint, my journal or diary was continued, and it has not yet been cast into the fire and consumed.

warmly saluted him, first on one cheek and then on the other. He afterwards shook hands with us all, and then inquired of me particularly about the health of the Count's children at Biala Cerkiew, whom I had seen not long before. He then inquired if I had visited the South coast of the Crimea during the autumn; and if so, how I was pleased with it. Looking up to the moun tains above Yoursouff, and then to the calm sea, claimed, Was there ever such magnificent upon which the sun was shining, his Majesty exscenery! I replied, that the coast of Italy, between Genoa and Nice, presented the only scenery I had ever witnessed that could be compared to it; a part of Italy which his Majesty stated he had never visited."

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What a state of things! And be it remembered, too, that these anecdotes belong to the régime of Alexander; though the Emperor was lying dead at Taganrog when The clemency of Nicholas towards the conthe Baron spoke. The apprehension about spirators was considered great in Russia: only

the character of Nicholas at his accession two hundred were banished to Siberia, besides was very great among those who knew a few of the most guilty were condemned to him best. After reaching St. Petersburg, Dr. death. From the nature of the trials and Lee chronicles-" There is no doubt, if I may their secrecy, the guilt or innocence of many

of the banished is very problematical; their the slaves themselves being disarmed. Later sentence autocratic at all events, and the exile writers as Hill, and Oliphant, have indicated as bad as death. This is the fate of Prince that the safety of the lords, when the slave has Volhonsky, perhaps aggravated by personal enmity.

an opportunity, is often doubtful, their ignorance rendering the vengeance more horrible in its form. It is probable, too, that frequent Prince Serge Volhonsky, who had married outbreaks take place in particular districts; another daughter of General Rajewsky, the sis- everything unpalatable in Russia being supter of Madame Orloff, and not less distinguished pressed, and known only to Government or for her virtues and accomplishments, in a few those on the spot, unless some foreigner hapmonths after had his sword broken over his head, was stripped of his rank and honor, reduced to pens to hear of it. This question of serfdom the condition of a common slave, and banished and several other matters characteristic of into the wilds of Siberia, where he has remained, Russia into which Dr. Lee's volume would if living, ever since. I had been introduced the enable us to enter, we shall not touch upon; previous winter, to Prince Volhonsky, at Biala but his conclusion, written with deliberation Cerkiew, the residence of the Countess Branicka, after nearly thirty years' further observation, the mother of the Countess Woronzow, and at has been added to his first impressions of NiOdessa had professionally attended his family cholas. and become well acquainted with him. He was a most affectionate father and devoted husband: but I knew at the time that he was not in favor with the Emperor Alexander and had incurred by some frivolous act the deadly hatred of Count Araktcheieff. I had before this been informed that the following laughable circumstance, which had taken place four years before, during a visit of the Emperor to the military colonies, of which Count Araktcheieff was the founder, was the cause openly assigned for Prince Volhonsky's disgrace.

The following is the account of this affair copied verbatim from my journal.

It does not appear from the reports of those who have visited Russia since the year 1826, that any attempt has been made to improve the wretched condition of the slaves throughout the Russian empire, nor to correct the abuses which then prevailed in every department of the Government. Since the suppression of the Bible Society, which was carried into effect while I was in St. Petersburg, knowledge at every entrance has been excluded from the people. It is said that astronomy has been encouraged at Dorpat, and mineralogy at Moscow, by two kisses imprinted upon the cheeks of an eminent Eng

"In the two campaigns against Persia, as in the Hungarian campaign and the two Polish campaigns of 1831-32, there are not sufficient data to enable me to form a correct estimate of the Russian loss, which was, however, in the Persian and Polish wars enormous.

"The military colonies please one at first sight, from the order and cleanliness, everywhere pre-lish geologist. vailing in them; but their population is said to The consumption of human life during the be wretched in the highest degree. When the reign of the Emperor Nicholas has been enor Emperor Alexander was here, some years ago, mous. He has carried on war with the Circashe went round visiting every house; and on sians uninterruptedly for twenty-eight years, at every table he found a dinner prepared, one of an annual cost of 20,000 lives on the Russian the principal articles of which consisted of a side alone; making a grand total of nearly young pig roasted. The Prince Volhonsky sus- 600,000 Russians who have perished in attemptpected there was some trick, and cut off the tailing to subdue the independence of Circassia. of the pig and put it in his pocket. On entering the next house, the pig was presented, but with out the tail; upon which Prince Volhonsky said to the Emperor, "I think this is an old friend." The Emperor demanded his meaning; when he took out the tail from his pocket and applied it to the part from which it had been removed. The Emperor did not relish the jest, and it was supposed this piece of pleasantry led to his disgrace. A more effectual, though bold and dangerous method of exposing to the Emperor the deceptions carried on throughout the military colonies under Count Araktcheieff could not have been adopted than that which Prince Volhonsky had recourse to on this occasion. From that time Count Araktcheieff became his bitter enemy."

Dr. Lee does not use the word serfs, but the less polite term of slaves. These he describes as being almost everywhere in the most wretched condition, ready to rise against their masters at every opportunity, and only kept down by soldiers quartered in strong positions,

In the two campaigns against Turkey of 18289, 300,000 fell; of whom, however, 50,000 pe rished by the plague.

The loss of the Russians in various ways since the entry of the Danubian Principalities, is understated at 30,000.

"In these calculations, it should be borne in mind that no estimate is attempted to be made of the sacrifice of human life on the side of those who fought for their liberties against the aggressions of Russia. If this calculation were attempted, it is probable that the result would prove that neither Julius Cæsar nor Alexander, nor even Tamerlane has been a greater scourge to the human race than the present Emperor Nicholas.

So much for the pet of the Peace people!

From Household Words.

THREE GRACES OF CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. Has any one of our readers ever seen a mind locked up in a case, the key of which cannot be found? Such is the condition of a human being without senses.

ing. She soon followed a voice calling to her at several feet distance. This was her state seven years ago; and, if such progress as this were made in one year, we may hope that now, at the age of nineteen (if she still live), her case may have passed from being that of a human being without senses, to that of one being born to them very late, and having them in an imperfect condition at last.

condition was such as to make the surgeon decline operating on the eyes. She showed terror when any effort whatever was required of her, and her sounds of satisfaction were made only in connection with eating-not on account of the taste, for she was insensible to that, but after a meal, when the satisfaction of her hunger was felt. It must have been a happy moment to her But are there such beings? it may be asked. guardians when she first laughed. It was in There has been at least one, of which this answer to caresses. She soon learned to shake dreadful conception is nearly a faithful account. hands, and she hugged the friend who so greeted There is a girl in Switzerland born blind and her, and laughed. But it was still doubtful deaf, and almost entirely without the senses of whether she knew one person from another— smell and taste, and originally, even that of touch. even her own particular nurse from a stranger. Such at least was her state when first examined It was a whole year before she could be taught by the benevolent persons who wished to improve to feed herself with a spoon, though before that her condition. Her parents, who were poor, time her voice had become more human, several concluded she was an idiot; and, while suffi- notes of the scale having, as it were, dropped in ciently attached to her to desire not to expose between the primary sounds she made when adher to observation, and the trouble of being mitted. Her ability to feed herself was accommeddled with, left her to nature, as they said-panied by other improvements, even of the dewhich, in her case, meant everything that was ficient senses themselves, and especially of hear dreadful and disgusting. At nine years old, when the family were at their meal, she stood near, and a piece of bread being put into her hand, she ate it; and when, instead of bread, a piece of iron was given her, she put it into her mouth, tried to chew it, and after a time let it drop out. When left alone she lay huddled up, with her fists upon her eyes, and the thumbs closing her ears. It was not easy to make her walk, and she clung to the person next her, utter- The earliest case of supposed extreme defiing shrill cries. Her skin was nearly insensible. ciency of the senses which was fully and propOn looking further into the case, however, the erly recorded was that of which Dugald Stewart physician was of opinion that sight might possi- was the historian, that of James Mitchell, the bly be obtained, sooner or later, by operation for son of a Scotch clergyman. The boy was born cataract. It appeared also that she was not to- 1795, totally deaf, but far from totally blind. He tally deaf. Sharp sounds, close at hand, evident- was fond of the light, though he could not disly gave her great pain, but none were heard at tinguish objects; and his custom was to shut himthe distance of a few feet. Her hearing had self up in a dark stable, and stand for hours with originally been somewhat better than this, and his eye close to any hole or chink which let in a she had even shown some disposition to speak, ray of sunshine. He bit pieces of glass into a which, however, seemed to be lost in total deaf-proper shape, and held them between his eye and ness (practically speaking) at two years old or the sunshine, and got a candle all to himself in a under. The parents let her go at last to an asy-dark corner of a room. Moreover, his senses of lum, though shedding many tears at the parting. smell and taste were uncommonly acute, and he In three months she took walks. By bathing, obtained a great amount and variety of knowlfresh air, and exercise, her skin had become near-edge by means of them. The vast conception ly as sensitive as other people's; so here was one sense obtained, to proceed upon. For a time this was rather a grief than a satisfaction to everybody, for she was continually hurting herself, even knocking her head against the bedstead in the night, and uttering the most lamentable cries. The strangest thing she did was dealing with her food like a ruminating animal. She bolted it first, and then, in ten minutes, stretched her neck forward, brought up what she had swallowed, and chewed it for an hour. It took a month to cure her of this. It was done by watching the moment, and compelling her to throw her head and body back, and open her mouth. Once conquered, the strange propensity never re-appeared. When the circulation and digestion were brought into a healthy state, her sleep became quiet. She left off knocking her head against the beadstead and screaming in the night. The poor child was now brought into a state of bodily ease. Still, however, her nervous

of communication between people and things at a distance was conveyed to him at once by smell (if not even by such light as he was sensible of), and there is nothing so difficult to convey to those who have not his comparative advantages. He knew his family and friends some way off by his sense of smell, could tell whether they came home with wet feet or dry; and, no doubt, whether they had been gathering sweet herbs in the garden, or dressing the horse in the stableyard. Yet this boy, who had only one sense absolutely deficient, and was cared for and tended with the utmost assiduity by educated people, and visited by philosophers, remained unspeaka bly ignorant and undeveloped in comparison with several persons who, instead of being totally deficient in only one sense, are possessed of only one. He used his small means very actively for amusement, but no one seems to have thought of using them for his education. It was a period when metaphysics were flourishing more than

his senses of smell and taste were turned to par ticular account in his education; but they were not deficient, and James Mitchell's case seems to show that much might have been done by means of them.

In his education, there were some marked stages, which it is highly interesting and important to know of. His enterprising and benevolent teacher, M. Hirzel, taught him words by means of raised print - beginning, of course, with nouns. He was made to touch a file, and the word file (in French); and the word was given him now in larger and now in smaller letters, that he might find out that it was the shape of the letters, and not the size, that was important.

science, and especially in his neighborhood, and poor James Mitchell, accordingly, never learned to read or write, or to speak any language at all. He taught those about him a limited language by signs, but they taught him none. When we read the philosopher's account of him, of the guardian sister's language of taps on the head, or hand (which then appeared very clever), and of his utterance being only "uncouth bellowings and boisterous laughter," we think of the three far happier cases of Edward, Laura, and Oliver. half a century later, and bless the science that has brought out so much of the statue from its quarry-so much of living mind from its apparently impervious tomb. The night when Edward Meystre's guardian, hearing his uncouth voice, The next word given was saw, and a saw-a went to his room, and found him with folded thing he was familiar with- -was put into his hands, saying aloud, "I am thinking of God-I hand. Then came the discovery - during the am thinking of God"-his first spontaneous fourth lesson. His face lighted up. He had prayer - must have been the sweetest in which found it out! He showed everybody that the ever the lover of his kind laid his head on his one word meant a saw, and the other a file; pillow. and it was some days before he recovered his composure. He now went to his lessons with pleasure, and began to want to know the printed names of things, and to like to pick out from the case the letters composing those he knew. It was a joke of his to put together the letters at random, and ask what they meant. Such were his early lessons. His favorite amusement was at the turning-lathe, where he became so expert that he quizzed the new pupils (all blind) for any irregularity in their work-plaiting straw, or whatever it might be.

This case of Meystre is the first of three to which our title applies. Here the total absence of each sense was not from birth. Edward, of whom we are speaking, had a deaf-and-dumb brother, but heard very well himself as an infant, and began to say "papa" and "mama," when the small pox deprived him of his hearing, utterly and absolutely, at the age of eleven months. There was fear for his eyes at the same time, but they escaped, and he saw perfectly well till the age of eight-an immense advantage in regard to his future development. It was a cruel accident The indefatigable teacher actually thought he that deprived him of sight, and we pity the per- would try to teach him to speak. To speak! A petrator of the carelessness perhaps more than person totally deaf and blind! How could it be the sufferer. A boy of eleven, Edward's cousin, set about? It was accomplished, with infinite playing with his father's loaded gun, aimed it at trouble, in which the teacher was sustained by the the door of the room, and, at the precise moment hope of success, and the pupil by the only inwhen Edward was coming in, discharged the ducement found strong enough-the promise of piece, lodging the shot in the poor child's face cigars -a luxury which, we trust, no one will and eyes. The sufferer rent his mother's heart think of grudging to a creature so bereaved. By by clinging to her for long afterwards, saying, in feeling the teacher's breath, his chest, his throat, his language of signs, that it was always night. his lips, and by having his own mouth put into He wanted to have his cousin killed, and his the proper form for the vowels, by prisms and mother, strangely enough, pacified him by telling rings of different sizes, the art of articulation him the boy was dead and buried. He wanted was learned; and it brought on the next great to be certain, and she took him to a new-made event in Edward's experience. Being taught the grave. He stamped upon it with his feeble little easy name (Arni) of one of the blind pupils, he foot; and such was his moral education! Hap-found that that boy always came to him when he pily, he was taken under a wiser care, and the called the name. He found that he could comtime arrived, and before very long, when he loved and consoled his poor cousin, and was always glad to meet him-while informing other people who visited him that he had had two eyes, and now had none, adding, turning pale as he made the signs, that it was very pleasant to be able to see. At this time his employment was handling and cutting wood in his father's shop-his father being a carpenter. When his father left business, the lad cut wood for the neighbors. It was sad that the one sense which was now to be relied on should be impaired by his hands being hardened and roughened in this way; and, though he was taken into the excellent Blind Asylum at Lausanne (maintained by one beneficent English gentleman), at the age of eighteen, his fingers never acquired the delicacy of touch of the other pupils. There is no evidence that

municate with people at a distance by means of speech, and now knew what speech was for. No doubt Arni was wanted very often indeed, till more names were learned; and probably Árni was glad when the others had their turn to be called. This happened soon, for Edward now spoke a good deal, uttering aloud, of his own accord, the words he learned to read. He went on pretty easily through-" The mason makes the wall," "The baker makes the bread," and so forth, and to know that the word "wall" may mean walls in general; and it was not very difficult to teach him-" Today," "Yesterday," and "Tomorrow." By that time, the third great event was at hand. The weather, from being very cold, had become mild, and Edward's tutor took him out to feel the buds, leaves, and blossoms of plants, and made him observe the warmth of the sun

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