Hinduism: Past and PresentPrinceton University Press, 2004 - 429 pages Hinduism is currently followed by one-fifth of humankind. Far from a monolithic theistic tradition, the religion comprises thousands of gods, a complex caste system, and hundreds of languages and dialects. Such internal plurality inspires vastly ranging rites and practices amongst Hinduism's hundreds of millions of adherents. It is therefore not surprising that scholars have been hesitant to define universal Hindu beliefs and practices. In this book, Axel Michaels breaks this trend. He examines the traditions, beliefs, and rituals Hindus hold in common through the lens of what he deems its "identificatory habitus," a cohesive force that binds Hindu religions together and fortifies them against foreign influences. Thus, in his analysis, Michaels not only locates Hinduism's profoundly differentiating qualities, but also provides the framework for an analysis of its social and religious coherence. Michaels blends his insightful arguments and probing questions with introductions to major historical epochs, ample textual sources as well as detailed analyses of major life-cycle rituals, the caste system, forms of spiritualism, devotionalism, ritualism, and heroism. Along the way he points out that Hinduism has endured and repeatedly resisted the missionary zeal and universalist claims of Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists. He also contrasts traditional Hinduism with the religions of the West, "where the self is preferred to the not-self, and where freedom in the world is more important than liberation from the world." Engaging and accessible, this book will appeal to laypersons and scholars alike as the most comprehensive introduction to Hinduism yet published. Not only is Hinduism refreshingly new in its methodological approach, but it also presents a broad range of meticulous scholarship in a clear, readable style, integrating Indology, religious studies, philosophy, anthropological theory and fieldwork, and sweeping analyses of Hindu texts. |
Contents
THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS | xvii |
IS INDIA DIFFERENT? | 1 |
WHAT IS HINDUISM? | 10 |
EPOCHS IN THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS1 | 27 |
RELIGIOUS LITERATURE | 43 |
RELIGION AND SOCIETY | 65 |
3 Stages of Life and Rites of Passage | 67 |
CHILDHOOD AND SOCIALIZATION | 95 |
THE IDEA OF GOD AND THE PANTHEON | 193 |
ELEMENTS OF RELIGIOSITY | 218 |
RITUALISM | 227 |
DEVOTIONALISM AND THEISTIC TRADITIONS | 244 |
SPIRITUALISM AND MYSTICISM185 | 251 |
HEROISM AND KINGSHIP | 262 |
FROM DESCENT TO TRANSCENDENCE | 271 |
6 Religious Ideas of Space and Time | 273 |
WEDDING AND MATRIMONY159 | 107 |
DEATH AND LIFE AFTER DEATH220 | 127 |
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION | 151 |
SOCIAL CONTACTS | 167 |
RELIGIOUS AWARENESS OF TIME | 285 |
ASCETICISM LIFE IN TRANSCENDENCE1 | 305 |
THE SALVATION OF IDENTIFICATIONS27 | 315 |