Beyond War:The Human Potential for PeaceOxford University Press, USA, 2007 M02 16 - 352 pages The classic opening scene of 2001, A Space Odyssey shows an ape-man wreaking havoc with humanity's first invention--a bone used as a weapon to kill a rival. It's an image that fits well with popular notions of our species as inherently violent, with the idea that humans are--and always have been--warlike by nature. But as Douglas P. Fry convincingly argues in Beyond War, the facts show that our ancient ancestors were not innately warlike--and neither are we. Fry points out that, for perhaps ninety-nine percent of our history, for well over a million years, humans lived in nomadic hunter-and-gatherer groups, egalitarian bands where generosity was highly valued and warfare was a rarity. Drawing on archaeology and fascinating fieldwork on hunter-gatherer bands from around the world, Fry debunks the idea that war is ancient and inevitable. For instance, among Aboriginal Australians--who numbered some 750,000 individuals before the arrival of Europeans, all living in hunter-gathering groups--warfare was an extreme anomaly. There was individual violence and aggression, of course, but the Aborigines had sophisticated methods of resolving disputes, controlling individual outbursts, and preventing loss of life. Fry shows that, far from being natural, warfare actually appeared quite recently along with changes in social organization and especially the rise of states. But Fry also points out that even today, when war seems ever present (at least on television), the vast majority of us live peaceful, nonviolent lives. We are not as warlike as it might seem, and if we can learn from our ancestors, we may be able to move beyond war to provide real justice and security for the people of the world. A profoundly heartening view of human nature, Beyond War offers a hopeful perspective on our species and a positive prognosis for a future without war. |
Contents
1 Charting a New Direction | 1 |
2 Do Nonwarring Societies Actually Exist? | 10 |
The Human Potential for Peace | 21 |
Projecting Mayhem onto the Past | 33 |
5 The Earliest Evidence of War | 50 |
From Nomadic Bands to Modern States | 65 |
The Quest for Fairness | 81 |
Fact or Fantasy? | 100 |
Sex Differences in Aggression | 166 |
The Nomadic Forager Model | 175 |
14 Setting the Record Straight | 193 |
15 A Macroscopic Anthropological View | 201 |
16 Enhancing Peace | 213 |
Organizations to Contact | 235 |
Nonwarring Societies | 237 |
Notes | 239 |
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Common terms and phrases
Aboriginal Australia adaptation American Anthropologist ancestral animal Anthropology assumptions Australian Aborigine australopithecine Balikci band societies behavior Berndt and Berndt Boehm Chapter chiefdoms chimpanzees complex hunter-gatherers conflict management Conflict Resolution coprolite cross-cultural Dart disputes Douglas Fry egalitarian Elman Service ethnographic evidence Evolutionary Psychology example feuding fighting Frans de Waal Fry eds gatherers George Murdock global homicides Homo human evolution human nature Human Potential hunter hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer bands hunter-gatherer societies Ibid individual intergroup Ju/hoansi justice Keeley killers Kung San lethal Montagnais-Naskapi murder Napoleon Chagnon nomadic band nomadic foragers nomadic hunter-gatherer nonviolent nonwarring Origin Otterbein Oxford University Press Paliyan pattern Peaceful Societies physical aggression Potential for Peace relatives Resolution and Peaceful revenge killings Reyna Robarchek Robert self-redress Semai sex differences sexual selection simple hunter-gatherers simple nomadic Siriono social organization spears species Tonkinson tribal tribes types typical unokais violence warfare warrior woman women World Wrangham Yahgan Yanomamö York Zapotec