LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 3, 1857.

OUR NEW VOLUME.

A Happy New Year to You Gentle Readers, Valued Contributors, Kind Friends! Seven times have we thus greeted You at the opening Year; and never with greater heartiness and sincerity than on this 3rd of January,

1857.

For seven years have We now, with your assistance, been digging in the wide fields of Literature and History for the golden grains of TRUTH. With what success may be learned, not only from our own fourteen goodly volumes, but from the acknowledgments of many a scholar.

We are proud of such testimonies to our usefulness. They are a reward for our past labours-a stimulus to increased exertions. And so- -A HAPPY NEW YEAR TO US ALL.

Nates.

SINGULAR IMPRINTS TO OLD BOOKS.

Books which have been secretly printed are generally indicated by some disguised imprint; generally metaphorically expressing the sentiments of the party from whence they emanated. A valuable paper on these imprints has been given by your learned correspondent J. O., in the First Series of "N. & Q." (ix. 143.); and a continuation from the same pen would, I feel assured, be most gladly welcomed by your numerous readers. My note-book contains a few jottings of this kind, which I have written out, in the hopes that others will follow my example and contribute their mite towards forming a more perfect collection of "remarkable imprints." I cannot do better than preface my brief list by a note from the Introduction to the second volume of the Catalogue of

the London Institution :

"Books which have been secretly produced from the press are generally indicated by some peculiarity in the imprint and date, the usual information of which is either disguised or altogether omitted; and such imprints appear to exhibit principally the following varieties. The first, which is the most numerous, includes such books as have simply the words 'printed at London,' or 'printed in the year,' or 'Anno Domini,' or occasionally some indefinite initials, as 'printed by A. B. for C. D.' Another practice was the disguising of the name of the place whereat the work was printed, under a translated form, or a title purely fictitious, as Eleutheropolis;' or it was occasionally falsified by the substitution of one place for another, or by the insertion of a nation for a city. ** A third kind of disguised imprint consists of a metaphorical expression of the sentiments of the party publishing the tract; as in the instance of a pamphlet issued against the engagement of fidelity to the Commonwealth, as being contrary to the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant, the imprint is London, printed by the Company of Covenant-keepers dwelling in Great Britain. In this species of imprint, the allusion was sometimes concealed under apparently real names

and places; as in one of the many tracts published with the design of bringing on the Restoration, it is stated to be printed for Charles Prince, and are to be sold at the east end of St. Paul's.' A fourth method of disguising the imprint referred to the time, which was characterised by some remarkable political or religious feature of the period: as in a tract relating to the impeachment of the iwelve Bishops, the date is printed in the new yeare of the Bishops feare: Anno Dom. 1642.' A fifth sort of spurious imprint may be noticed, as expressing some kind of concealed authority for the publication of the work; an instance of which may be given from the titlepage of a tract written in vindication of the proceedings of the parliamentary army under Sir Thomas Fairfax, which is dated 'Oxford, printed by J. H. and H. H., and commanded to be published for the information of the oppressed Commons of England, 1647.'"

1. "De Vera Obedientia, by Bishop Gardiner. Printed in Rome before the Custle of St. Angelo, at the Signe of St. Peter, 1553."

2. "The Schollar's Purgatory Discovered in the Stationers' Commonwealth. Imprinted for the Honest Stationers, n. d."

3. "The Reasonable Motion in the Behalfe of such of the Clergie as are now questioned in Parliament for their Places. Printed in the Unfortunate Yeare to Priests, 1641."

4. "Mercurie's Message, a Poem addressed to the late Famous now Infamous Arch-bishop William [Laud] of

Canterbury. Printed in the Yeare of our Prelate's Feare,

1641."

5. "England's Petition to their King. Printed on the Day of Jacob's trouble, and to make way, in hope, for its Deliverance out of it, May 5th, 1643." London,

6. "

England's Third Alarme to Warre. printed for Thomas Underhill, in the Second Yeare of the Beast's wounding, warring against the Lamb and those that are with him; called, chosen, and faithfull, 1643."

7. "The Citie's Warning Piece, in the Malignant's Description and Conversion [relating to the Siege of Cirencester.] Printed in the Yeere that every Knave and Fool turned Cavaleere [1643]."

8. "One Argument more against the Cavaliers. Printed in the Yeare when Men thinke what they list, and speake and write what they think, 1643."

Printed (unless Men be more carefull, and God the more

9. "Plain English, a Tract written by Edward Bowles.

merciful,) the last Year of Liberty, 1643."

10. "Mar Priest, Son of Old Martin; the Arraignment of Mr. Persecution presented to the Consideration of the House of Commons, and all the Common People. Europe, printed by Martin Clawe-Clergie, Printer to the Reverend Assembly of Divines, for Bartholomew Bang-Priest, and are to be sould at his Shop in Toleration Street, 1645."

11. "The Kentish Fayre, or the Parliament sold to their best worth. Printed at Rochester, and are to be sold to all those that dare to buy them, 1648."

12. "The Cookoo's Nest at Westminster; or the Parliament between the Two Lady-birds, Queen Fairfax and Lady Cromwell. Printed in Cuckoo-time, in a Hollow Tree, 1648."

13. " The Hunting of the Foxes from New-Market and Triploe-heath to White-hall by Five small Beagles. Printed in a Corner of Freedome, right opposite the Councel of Warre, Anno Domini 1649."

14. "Lieut.-Col. Lilburne's Liberties of the People of England asserted and vindicated. Printed in the Grand Yeere of Dissimulation, 1649."

15. The Second Part of the Tragi-Comedy called Newmarket-Fayre, or Mrs. Parliament's new Figaryes. Printed at you may go Look, 1649."

17. "A True Catalogue, or an Account of the several Places and most Eminent Persons in the Three Nations and elsewhere, where, and by whom, Richard Cromwell was proclaimed Lord Protector. Printed in the First Year of the English Armies small or scarce beginning to return from their almost Six Years' great Apostacy, n. d."

18. "Covenant Renouncers, Desperate Apostates: Letters to Mr. William Gurnal of Lavenham, &c. Printed

in Anti-turn-Coat Street, and solde at the Signe of Truth's Delight, right opposite to Backsliding Alley, 1665."

19. "The Mystery of the Good Old Cause briefly unfolded. London, printed in the First Yeare of England's Liberty after 21 Years' Slavery, 1666."

20. "The Rehearsal Transprosed, by Andrew Marvell. London, printed by A. B. for the Assigns of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, at the Sign of the King's Indulgence, on the South-side of the Lake Leman, 1672."

21. "The Pope's Warehouse laid open to the World. Printed by T. Mills, and are to be sold by a Running Book seller, 1683."

22. "The Welsh Levite tossed in a Blanket; a Dia

logue between Hick of Colchester, David J-nes, and the Ghost of Will. Prynn. Printed for the Assigns of Will Prynn, next Door to the Devil, 1691."

23. "A Proper Project to Startle Fools and Frighten Knaves, but to make Wise Men Happy. Printed in a Land where Self's cry'd up and Zeal's cry'd down, 1699." 24. "Parish Guttler's, or the Humours of a Select Vestry, a Merry Poem; with the Comical Adventures of Simon Knicky Knocky, Undertaker, Church-Warden, and Coffin-Maker. Printed in the Year of Guttling, 1732." 25. "An Address from the Ladies of the Provinces of Munster and Linster. Dublin, printed for John ProPatri, at the Sign of Vivat Rex, 1754."

26. " Chivalry no Trifle, or the Knight and his Lady. Dublin, printed at the Sign of Sir Tady's Press, 1754." 27. "An Address from the Influenced Electors of the

County of and City of Galway. Dublin, printed at the Sign of the Pirate's Sword in the Captain's Scabbard,

1754."

28. "The C-r's Apology to the Freeholders of the Kingdom for their Conduct. Dublin, printed at the Sign of Betty Ireland, d-d of a Tyrant in Purple, a Monster in Black,' &c., 1754." EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

66

A NOTE ABOUT THE WORD STONEHENGE." I have observed, in looking over some old "N. & Q.," that the etymology of this name has once or twice been canvassed, and that some opinions have been expressed, which are erroneous, inasmuch as they spring from an imperfect acquaintance with the powers of the language in which that etymology is to be sought. I believe all your correspondents have judged rightly that the name is an Anglo-Saxon one, and consequently must be got at according to the strict rules of that tongue, which, I beg to say, are as the laws of the Medes and Persians, and quite as incapable of caprice as those of the Greek or Latin. Now the proper form of the word in Anglo-Saxon was Stánhengena, or possibly Stánhengen: in the first case being plural, in the second singular,-there

66

gallows." Where a substantive in Anglo-Saxon is compounded with another, the first word of the compound always denotes the matter concerning which, and in reference to which, the second is predicated, in the most general sense. The English language has the same power. When we say church door, church has a kind of adjectival sense. In Anglo-Saxon Cwéngold means, not the gold belonging to some particular queen, but queen-gold, i. e. gold belonging to the queen, in itself; something due to a queen as queen, not to any particular person who might happen to be queen, at any given time. Stánhengen is stonegallows;" the idiom is the same exactly, and would have been equally well expressed in AngloSaxon by Stenene hengen, "patibulum saxeum." If, on the other hand, it had been Hengen-stán, the "gallows-stone," it would have denoted a stone of or belonging to the gallows, a stone near the gallows, or on which the gallows stood, or one of which a gallows might be made, saxum patibuconfess I think it probable that his name has lare, and so forth. With regard to Hengest, I literally slipt in from some attempt to explain Hengen (f) by a people that did not know the meaning of the word. It is impossible in AngloSaxon to say Stún Hengestes: Hengestes stán is the form which Hengist's stone would take. And then, if you please, we must have had Hengestes stánas, stán being a masculine substantive, and Stonehenge not being one, but many stones. Had there been a Henchston or Hinxton on Salisbury Plain, I would cheerfully have admitted the hypothesis of Hengestes stán to account for it. As for Stán henge being the " hanging stones," in any sense but a gallows, i. e. being uplifted, in the sense of the hanging gardens of Babylon, I can only say that I wait to learn where that adjective henge can be found, or in what collocation such an adjective can be shown to follow its substantive. There is ample evidence that the Anglo-Saxons troubled their heads very little about the cromlechs or dolmens which they found, and looked upon them with no greater reverence than they paid to all old, or hoary, or grey stones. Perhaps they may have looked upon them with even less, inasmuch as they bear obvious marks of human workmanship; while the erratic block, or boulder, is as obviously the work of God alone. And that a gallows should be made of stone, however surprising to an enlightened philanthropist of the nineteenth century, could not be at all strange to a people with whom that noble institution was, so to say, en permanence. The Saxons sacrificed to Wóden by the cord. And I can tell you that a German free town of the Middle Ages would have thought itself shorn of its dignity indeed, if it had not had its stone gallows on the neighbouring hill. The Furca et Scrobes ("quot Patibula, quot

Scrobes," says Tacitus, by the bye!), i. e. pit and gallows, were very permanent there; and while we mostly contented ourselves with the "threelegged colt foaled by an acorn," they built their three-legged colt of stone. I may observe, by the way, that the gallows itself is symbolised as a horse (Hengest, a stallion), and the being hanged by riding. In old Norse, the mythical name for it is "Hagbard's horse," a hero of that name having perished upon it. Hence our "colt ;" and possibly the dragging of Hengest's name into the etymology of Stonehenge, and the ridiculous story of the British chieftains murdered on the spot by the Saxons. I think it, however, quite possible that the Triliths may have served as gallowses on some grand occasion; and that after a defeat, some British leaders may have been sacrificed by tying them up to Wóden, on the same. But as long as the Anglo-Saxon language is AngloSaxon, Stonehenge can mean nothing but "the stone gallowses." J. M. KEMBLE.

THE ESSAY ON MAN.

This work was published anonymously; but, says Johnson, "he [Pope] avowed the fourth Part, and claimed the honor of a moral poet." Mr. Carruthers seems to have understood this literally, and, in his Life of Pope (p. 211.) he says, "to the fourth Epistle of the Essay Pope prefixed his name, and thus dispelled all doubt and mystery."

This is a mistake. The fourth Epistle was published, as the three former had been, anonymously; and at the end is an advertisement of the three former Epistles, but no mention of the name of the writer.

There is a confusion, by the biographers, in the use of the word "Part" and "Epistle," which leads me to doubt whether the exact facts were known to them.

To speak critically, there was but one "Part" published; the second, third, and fourth were from the first entitled "Epistles;" and it was only after the second and third Epistles had been published that there was a new edition of the first "Part"-not called a second edition, though announced in the title-page 66 as corrected by the Author - and this edition was entitled "Epi

stle I."

speak; but all the rest are "the same with a difference." That Pope furnished the notes referring to the "Variations," or that Warburton had seen the first edition - the "Part I."- I cannot doubt; and yet neither Warburton nor any other editor refer to the extraordinary transpositions and changes which appear in all later editions even in "Epistle I." Further, and still more strange, Warburton, followed by subsequent editors, professes to quote passages from the first edition which are not to be found in it. Thus, of edition 1751, and subsequent editions, he thus writes:

"After the verse 68. the following lines in first edit.: "If to be perfect in a certain sphere,

What matters soon or late, or here or there? The blest to-day is as completely so As who began ten thousand years ago." Now the lines referred to do not appear, after verse 68., "in first edition," nor in connexion with the lines preceding or following verse 68.; and strange as it may seem, I must believe that Warburton, at the moment he wrote that note, had overlooked or forgotten the fact, that the very lines quoted as a "variation" from the first edition actually occur, with the slight difference only of one for ten, on the same page as the noteis, following line 72.

that

Mr. Carruthers appears to have suspected some blunder-to have assumed that the "Variations" differed from Warburton's edition, as Warburton naturally led him to believe, only by the substitution of one for ten. This again is a mistake. The lines "in first edition" follow verse 94.- there are six lines and not four- and they differ essentially from the lines as published by Warburton, and in all subsequent editions. Here they are: "If to be perfect in a certain State,

What matter, here or there, or soon or late?
Safe in the hand of one disposing Pow'r,
Or in the natal or the mortal hour:
And he that's bless'd to day, as fully so,
As who began ten thousand years ago."

I may further observe that these six lines were struck out on republication; that they do not appear in "Epistle I.," and never, I believe, reappeared until the Essay on Man, with "Commentary and Notes" by Warburton, was published, in 1743; and then these six lines were reduced to the established four lines in the text, with the equally established four lines of non-"Variations" in the notes.

In thus drawing attention to an error I must not be understood as in any way censuring Mr. Carruthers. He offered to the public not a critical but a popular edition of the poet.

While on the subject I will add that the "first edition" has the following advertisement prefixed, which I have not seen quoted or referred to by either editors or biographers; and yet it is cha

racteristic, particularly the reference to the "noted author of two lately published" Epistles - the Epistles to Burlington and Bathurst.

"To the Reader.

"As the Epistolary Way of Writing hath prevailed much of late, we have ventured to publish this piece composed some time since, and whose Author chose this manner, notwithstanding his Subject was high and of dignity, because of its being mixt with Argument, which of its Nature approacheth to Prose. This, which we first give the Reader, treats of the Nature and State of Man, with Respect to the Universal Systems; the rest will treat of him with Respect to his own System, as an Individual, and as a Member of Society; under one or other of which Heads all Ethicks are included.

"As he imitates no Man, so he would be thought to vye with no Man in these Epistles, particularly with the noted Author of Two lately published: But this he may most surely say, that the Matter of them is such, as is of Importance to all in general, and of Offence to none in particular."

BAMPFYLDE MOORE CAREW.

M. C. A.

As the old books of the people are now fairly beaten out of the field, it seems respectful that, after having done hard service, we should inter them upon our antiquarian shelves with such identification and memorabilia of their authors as may be procurable. I therefore ask, who wrote the Life of Bampfylde Moore Carew?

Timperley, in his Encyclopædia, in noticing the death of Robert Goadby, the printer of Sherborne, says unhesitatingly that he, the said Robert Goadby, was the author; his name in connexion with the book is found upon the title of the eighth edition of An Apology for the Life of B. M. C., the King of the Beggars, but in the wrong place; the imprint running, "Lond.: printed for R. Goadby," &c., 1768: a nice edition, by the way, with a fine large folding portrait of the royal mendicant.

Lowndes is silent upon the point of authorship, but records another version of our chap book, under the title of The Life, Voyages, and Adventures of B. M. C., by Thos. Price, 8vo., Lond., n. d. I have seen a modern book bearing this title, without date; and purporting to be collected and amended from his (the hero's) own writing, by "T. Price, of Poole, in Dorset." Is this the book alluded to by Lowndes, or is it a reprint of an older one known to that bibliographer? The same authority informs us, that the Apology was printed in octavo at London in 1749, leaving us to infer that this was the first edition of the genuine book; although, he adds, a spurious one had preceded it, entitled The Accomplish'd Vagabond, or Complete Mumper exemplified, in the Bold and Artful Enterprizes and Merry Pranks of B. M. C., 8vo., Oxon (Query, Exon ?), 1745. Our book would, therefore, appear to have assumed as

Devonshire Stroller and Dogstealer; as related by Him"The Life and Adventures of B. M. C., the Noted self during his Passage to the Plantations in America: containing a great Variety of Remarkable Transactions in a Vagrant Course of Life which he followed for the Space of Thirty Years and upwards. Exon: printed by the Farleys for J. Drew. 8vo. 1745."

In the pretended introductory address of B. M. C. to the public, in the edition of 1768, he says, in his apology for impostors in general: "Even the printer of these Memoirs intends to print them on large letter, and with a broad margin, which he may tell you is to adorn them, but it is in truth for nothing else than to make thee pay the more for them;" a foot-note adding, "this was done in the first edition," which completely identifies the bold type and ample margin of my above described uncut copy; and enables me, without hesitation, to introduce it to your readers, curious in such matters, as the veritable editio princeps of the book.

The compiler's Preface is different to that found in subsequent impressions. The Memoirs, indeed, judging from the editions of 1745 and 1768, appear to have been entirely recast; and among other novelties, not in the author's first draught, is the satirical dedication "To the worshipful Justice Fielding," which, with many interpolations in the text, form a running, startling commentary upon Tom Jones and its author.

REFORMATION OF ALE-HOUSES REIGN.

J. O.

IN ELIZABETH'S

"In the 5th and 6th Edw. VIth, a statute was made for the reformation of such abuses as were before the making of the said Statute used among such as did keep common Ale Houses and Tipling Houses. By which Statute it was enacted, that none should be admitted to keep a common Ale-house but such as should be admitted in

open Sessions, or else by two Justices, &c., and that upon bond to be taken by the said Justices by recognizance as well against the using of unlawful Games, as also for using and maintaining good order; and also that if any person did keep any such common tipling or ale