profits arising from the sale of the booklet (price 1s.) and the commemoration are to be devoted are a memorial to Cook in Marton Church and the restoration of the church and the schoolroom at Great Ayton, with the cost of deciphering from the damaged registers entries referring to the Cook family. THE Beisan (Mr. Alan Rowe) on the "Children of the Sun," and Central America (Mr. Eric Thompson) and on the Alexandrian Library (Mr. George H. Bushnell). The Editor in his notes mentions that sites once known sites in Great Britain, that is-have sometimes curiously fallen into oblivion, and instances the two Roman villas, Feens and Berry Grove, often written of by Hearne in his diary and visited by him with his spade, which since his day have been lost. Feens has been re-discovered, three times over by independent searchers, but the other still remains to yield a triumph to patience and perspicuity. Another minor note, with a fine illustration, concerns the cross of St. John at Iona, of which the fragments have been recently fitted together under the supervision of Professor R. A. S. Macalister. A unique feature in this is a cresting of the top of the cross with a carved stone, of a different kind from the rest of the structure and bearing the only figure-sculpture (a Return of the Prodigal Son) which appears on the cross. new number of Antiquity has, among much else, articles on the recent finds at IN the July Connoisseur will be found a paper by Dr. A. P. Laurie, Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Academy of Arts, on Crackle and Forgeries of Primitives. He has demonstrated that, even for an amateur, it is not so very difficult to produce, even to the curved-up edges, a crackle which is virtually indistinguishable from the crackle developed upon an old picture; and he also brings forward telling examples to show the importance of a microscopical examination of oil pictures on gesso before pronouncing that there has been re-painting. THE Print Collector's Quarterly for July is, as usual, instructive and pleasing, and, in particular, has one article which we would recommend to any one who wishes to get an inkling of what it is that modern artthe art of the cubist-pursues. The writer is Mr. J. Gould Fletcher; the artist who stands as subject, Paul Nash with his wood engrav. ings. The illustrations demonstrate pretty clearly what force there is in the contention Briftol, June 29. There has been imported this Week in feveral Veffels, 7047 Quarters of Wheat, 770 of Rye, 200 of Barley, 1770 of Oats, and 302 of Pease. P.S. The Phoenix, Capt. Gerard King, is come in with Wheat from Lisbon. Laft Friday Mrs. Violante flew, or flid down a Rope, from the highest Part of St. Vincent's Rock, near the Hot Wells, cross the River to Somerfetfhire, being between 3 and 400 Yds. in lefs than half a Minute, before a Multitude of People. Literary and Historical 201, Fleet Street) with the old Cock ale-house Notes. THE COCK AT TEMPLE BAR. AN ATTEMPT TO SHOW THE TRUE SITE OF THE OLD ALE-HOUSE VISITED BY SAMUEL PEPYS. MOST Londoners are acquainted with this excellent old tavern and eating-house, and a great many are aware that the older house with the sign of The Cock stood on the opposite side of Fleet Street, at No. 201, a few doors west of Chancery Lane, until the eighties of last century. The carved sign, and the old carved mantel-piece, were brought across to the present site when the old Cock was demolished. It has been, I think, universally supposed that the old Cock tavern "" was the alehouse" of that sign mentioned by Pepys, and at which the farthing token was issued, in Charles II's reign, with the initials "H. M. C." J. G. Akerman ('London Tradesmen's Tokens,' 1849) wrote:-" Few of our London readers can be in a state so benighted as to be ignorant of the situation of this venerable house of entertainment. Strangers will find it a few doors east of Temple Bar, near Bellward, by its sign, which, carved in wood, and gilded like a weathercock, stands over the door... During the raging of the great plague, the following announcement was made by the master of the Cock tavern:- This is to notify, that the master of the Cock and Bottle, commonly called the Cock ale-house, at Temple Bar, hath dismissed his servants, and shut up his house for this long vacation, intending (God willing), to return at Michaelmas next; so that all persons whatsoever who have any accompts with the said master, or farthings belonging to the said house, are desired to repair thither before the eighth of this instant July, and they shall receive satisfaction.' The token has this inscription :Obverse: THE. COCK. ALE. HOUSE-A cock. Reverse: AT. TEMPLE BARR. 1655.=H.M.C. Cunningham, 1849, quotes the master's notice of 1665 (from The Intelligencer), and adds:-"A celebrated tavern, facing Middle Temple Gate, and famous for its chops and steaks, its porter, and, above all, its stout.' He also quotes Strype, 1720" The Cock Alehouse, adjoining to Temple-bar, is a noted publick-house. The identification of the Cock tavern (at has been accepted, on the above authority, by every writer on Old London since the time of Akerman and Cunningham. I will now proceed to give my reasons for believing that the Cock ale-house, visited by Pepys, and where the token was issued, was a different house from the more modern Cock tavern, which was visited by Tennyson, and which was a famous house during the first three-quarters of the nineteenth century. 99 66 A house adjoining an old city gate was usually described as at the gate-e.g. "the Pie [Magpie] at Algate,' the Sunne Tavern At Crippel Gate," etc., while the houses near the gates were described as within (e.g., Newgate), or without. Hence, we should expect to find that the site of the Cock alehouse adjoined Temple Bar, either within or without the gate, or bar. No individual with a name corresponding to the initials of the issuer of the Cock token, H. C., appears in the full lists of victuallers or vintners of this period in the Wardmote Book of St. Dunstan's West, in which parish the occupier of the house close to the corner of Chancery Lane would have been situated. As a collector of London seventeenth century tokens, I was much disappointed at not being able to identify the issuer of the Cock, and was therefore more ready to recognise that Strype, in 1720, clearly shows that the Cock Ale-house adjoined Temple Bar, but outside, and on the south side of the street, and so was in the parish of St. Clement Danes, and in the Duchy of Lancaster. Describing the parish of St. Clement Danes, he says: I shall first begin at Temple Bar, and so Westward. And then the first is the Strand, on both sides to the May Pole The Cock Alehouse, adjoining to Temple Bar, is a noted Publick House. Thence passing Westward is Cross Key Alley; very small, the Rose Tavern,❞— He unen comes to Palsgraves Head Court, Devereux Court, and Essex Street. (Strype, 1720, Book iv., p. 117). On p. 116 he gives the boundaries of the parish of St. Clement Danes, starting on the north side of the street by Portugal Row, and down Shear Lane "to the Gate by Temple Bar Then it runs from Temple Bar, cross to the Cock Ale-house on the other side of the way, and so to the River Thames. So that it passes from the Cock Alehouse in the Street side, with all the Buildings to the Palsgraves Head Court." etc. The old Cock Alehouse, visited many times by Pepys when he went to the Duke's Theatre in Portugal Row, was no doubt the house mentioned by Strype, outside Temple Bar, on the south side of the street. The Cock was evidently an alehouse of good repute, for as a rule these houses had by no means the same standing as taverns, and its position was an important one. The boundary mark of St. Clement's parish is seen to-day on the pavement outside Child's Bank, in a line with the western side of the Griffin on the site of Temple Bar, and it bears the anchor, the emblem of St. Clement. (Compare Strype's account of the parish boundary given above). Strype does not mention the Cock in his list of a score of taverns and coffee-houses between Temple Bar and Ludgate. I think that the Cock tavern, celebrated during the nineteenth century, and praised by Tennyson in his lighter vein, was probably a later sign for the Young Devil tavern (mentioned by Strype in 1720), which was nearly opposite the Old Devil. Lockie, 1810, gives Apollo Court at 200 Fleet Street (at, or adjoining the site of the Cock), and the Apollo Room in the Old Devil was the room where "Rare Ben " held his court. The Young Devil in turn was probably a later sign for the Lion Tavern at Temple Bar, at which John Battell issued a token, and where Thomas Backhouse (or Bacchus) also issued a token"in Fleet Street. "" Backhouse replaces John Battell in the St. Dunstan's lists in 1662. Strype, 1720, mentions the Young Devil but not the Lion. The Church wardens of St. Dunstan's West record several payments at "the Lyon Tavern in fleet street in 1664-5; one being for their dinner on "Perambulation Day." These suggestions may prove to be incorrect, but they furnish a probable theory for the earlier signs of the house on the site of the famous Cock tavern, at 201, Fleet Street. There was also an old house called the Cock, in Fleet Street, mentioned in the Hastings Rolls, but it was not on this site, and there is no evidence that it was a tavern. There is no reference, so far as I know, to Tennyson's Cock tavern before about 1800. It is not unlikely that the sign was adopted there after the destruction of the old Cock alehouse outside Temple Bar. I hoped to find the name of the issuer of the Cock token, with initials H. C. (of which I possess a specimen), in the registers of St. Clement Danes Church, and the rector very kindly gave me permission to see them. The parish was so large, however, and the number of names in each year so great, that THERE is a fair number of Jack names: Jackman in Shropshire; Jack's Green, high up on the Radnor Forest; Climbing Jack's Common, near the top of the High Vinnals in North Herefordshire. Surnames, as Jackman, Jakeman, and Jakeway. This points to a class of person; and all the "Jacks" in tale and legend are quick, bright and clever, if not too scrupulous. The word is also used for clever mechanical contrivances, as a roasting- or lifting-jack, a jumping or skip-jack. Some user of gadgets employed in the track it seems to denote; and some of the place-names connect him with high places. The Teutonic name Grim is frequently associated with the later dykes, and there is a Colegrim in Shropshire, the name of a Danish giant, a mythical personage, but with some real occupation, who might have had a forbidding or grimy face. It gradually forced itself on my observation that our native Scots pine or Scotch fir is more associated with old tracks and ancient spots than any other tree, and is over and over again to be found a survival-on sighting-mounds, and no other of its species near. Road names should not, perhaps, be logically included here, but they usually describe some local characteristic, and are generic. The neglect of this fact has led to deplorable results in a whole class of much-read books about roads.. Let me explain. The murder of Becket in 1170 led to pilgrimages to his shrine at Canterbury, the bulk of the pilgrims coming from London. They naturally selected the easiest direct road from the network of tracks available, for then, as now, the country was covered with a complicated web of tracks or roads. Those who followed would take the 2 these fragments can be joined up into one route, and this has been given the generic name, they are not one. Turner place-names had, I feel certain, nothing to do with a surname, but were applied to a spot where a traveller turned his course, and transferred to a different sighted track, at a spot where it crossed his previous one. There are Turner farms; a Turner's Tump, and Turning ways in Herefordshire, and Turnberry was also a turning mound on a sighted track. Again, with Stane Streets-there are many such stony streets in all parts, still called Stone Street. The idea that a highway was planned from London to Chichester and called Stane Street, is unsound. Mr. Belloc's Stane Street, that which at the Chichester end runs straight as a bee-line and is sighted over Chichester Cathedral (or rather over the mark-stone which founded it) to St. Cath-gave name to many places past which they carried their wares. pass erine's Head in the Isle of Wight, goes on to Seven Oaks, being confirmed in its original course by fragments of existing roads. It was designed and made long before any London or Chichester existed, and when these became populous and travellers desired to between them they took this old track (although it went in the wrong direction), to avoid difficult country. Then at Pulborough they took a portion of another sighted track, and so on to a spot near where London Bridge Each bit they took was a separate sighted alignment made ages before by some dodman. The more used the better it was kept, and so various pieces gained the generic name. But the basis of the account in various books, namely, that a definite road engineered from London to Chichester, and named Stane Street, is a deplorable misreading of facts. As well might some distinguished writer say, "I will sit down and write the history of that fine road I hear of -The King's Highway." now is. was One class of road had a deep ditch bordering it, and was called a Foss Way, but it was not a single individual road. Another class was called a Watling Street (I will not speculate on its name derivation), and bits of that name occur in different districts. That bit to London through Rochester has no connection, except its generic name, with another road northward from London through St. Albans; and the same remark applies to the separate fragments which go westward through Oakengates, and southward from Uriconium to Leintwardine. The absurdity of treating a route which doubles back on its own course as one organised road should be abandoned. So with Icknield Street, Ermine Street, Akeman Street. Each name is applied to a number of road fragments, of which each was part of a different aligned track, and although The " "webster," woven by them, Herefordshire has Webtree, giving name to a Hundred; Webton (in Domesday, Webetone) near it, a Weobley Castle and Church (in Domesday, Wibelai); Weobley Ash at a cross-roads, and another Weobley cross-roads. When in Place-Names of Herefordshire these names are explained as meaning the "" the I meadow of Wibba,' unconvincing, as one person would scarcely account seems give name to three of these in different corners of the county. marked direct to it, is near Matlock. Whibberley Cross, with a straight track surname Webber is common The near Bow in a Wibberley Devon, and a little north is Cross. There is a Weobley Castle in Gower; a Webb Hill, Somerset; and Websley Farm, Blandford. 'Broad " names are more clearly of the neglected factor" type. I gave in my first booklet an alignment through Broad Common, Orleton, Herefordshire; The Broad, Leominrecords) where the highway now crosses the ster; Broadward (or Broadford in earlier Arrow, and on to Broadlands. When recently widening Broadward Bridge, I saw in the excavation the cobbled ford through the river. And it was not a narrow one. The Broad" places are all on tracks broad enough for chariot wheels, and therefore wider than the older "pad or pack" tracks. broad" is brad -ley, -field, -nor, And Great Big Hodyman Dod." The The first two of these are beyond me. Lady element has been explained by Sir Lawrence Gomme as a generic name meaning Law-day. It occurs in innumerable placenames, as Lady Oak, Lady Meadow, Lady Pool, etc. Some of these (as a few of the Lady Wells) might be from Our Lady. But I found strange corroboration of the "lawday meaning in the curious name for a well and a tree in Brampton Bryan Park, Herefordshire the Laugh Lady Oak. Now the "laughman " was the deputy judge at the law-day trials held in early times at outdoor courts, all at sighting-points on tracks. In Leominster Town records the court day is always referred to as the law-day. Driving down a Ladybank on the Hereford Weobley road I see the mounded up sightingpoint of Lady Lift, crowned with its clump of Scotch firs indicated by the nose of the car. Whistle comes, I think, from Wistman (there is a pixy-infested Wistman's Wood on Dartmoor), who was the wise man to do with tracks, for in Beowulf wisra were the " prudent men who were selected to guide to the Dragon's lair past the hoar stone and dark pool. I lived as a boy at a Wisteston Court, and it may be here was born a track-man's instinct. 6. SEASONAL NAMES. Bel," Bell and "Ball' names are connected with the Beltane fires (bael fires of Anglo-Saxon days) lit early in May on hilltops as beacon lights. The custom, detailed in Frazer's 'Golden Bough,'continued in Herefordshire until a century ago, and is connected as Lockyer and Admiral Boyle-Somerville have proved, with season-fixing alignments. It is the same word as the Biblical Baal and the Babylonian god of fire. Mr. Dutt specifies a ley which passes through Belton Church to Bell Hill. The bellstone " is pre served in Belstone Lane, Shrewsbury, and there is another in Ireland. There are two Bell Tors on Dartmoor, a Bellas Knapp in the Cotswolds, and Belltout, a mound on the Sussex coast. Bellmount is an old Herefordshire place-name probably much earlier than the many Norman Belmonts, which have I think given rise to faulty derivations. or ball, the only word in Gaelic for a globe, was probably applied to sunrise alignments. "Gold "Golden or is frequent in placenames, and I am inclined to a sun-alignment meaning, for gole is Celtic for light and splendour. Bael I found an alignment at approximately Midsummer sun-rise angle through the Gold Post, on the Cusop Hills, a standing stone near Dorston; the Golden Well (which gives name to the Valley); Arthur's Stone (a dolmen and sighting mound on a ridge), and The Knapp, a well known point. There is another Golden Post near Clehonger. I do not think that Golden Cross had always the heraldic meaning, for we have one cross-roads of the name with no trace of house near. Castle" as a place-name, came into the English language (so says the N. E. D.') at two different times, the first long before the Norman Conquest, and then undoubtedly meant "earthwork." The puzzling thing is the large number of places, as Castle Farm, Red Castle, Ragged Castle, The Castle, which not only were never the site of a castle, but at which there never were earthworks, as far |