indifferent to the complexion, the drapery, and other accessories." Further on he states that the blues and reds of Chinnery's pictures are durable and especially good.

Beginning with 1830 Chinnery resumed his practice of exhibiting at the Royal Academy, London. He had pictures shown there in 1830 and 1831, 1834 and 1835, 1844 and 1846. In the two first-named years his address is given as Canton, China; in the two named secondly it was stated to be Canton, China, and 10 North Crescent. Bedford Square; and in 1844 and 1846 it was set down as 15, South Street, Finsbury. But for all those years he resided in Macao. The appearance of his pictures in London after an interval of twenty-eight years must have been novel in the extreme. In 1830 he exhibited the portrait of Dr. Morrison-it is stated that this picture was accidentally destroyed some years ago, but an excellent engraving of it is the property of Miss Maguire -in 1831 those of Captain Batten; of How Qua, a Chinese merchant of Canton; of Captain Hine, and of Sir John Claridge. In 1834 came that of John Davis; in 1835 those of Lieutenant Holman, R. N., the celebrated blind traveller, of Mr. and Mrs. Grant and family, of the Reverend Charles Gutzlaff, the Chinese Missionary, of Surgeon Colledge, and of Mrs. Colledge; in 1844 a portrait of Assor. a Tankaboat girl of Macao, and in 1846 the portrait of himself which now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, having been presented to that institution in 1888 by his friend John Dent, Esq., on behalf of his relative Lancelot Dent, Esq., of Macac.

As a story-teller,” says Mr. William C. Hunter, "his words and manner equalled his skill with the brush." He gives a very striking instance of one of Chinnery's sensational stories, how that, as he sat at dinner in Madras-his first dinner there a snake began to coil itself round his ankle, how he quietly directed the servants to fetch a bowl of milk which, being placed a little distance from the snake, caused the reptile to uncoil itself and glide towards it; it began to drink the milk, and as it drank Chinnery jumped upon its head and killed it.

Chinnery died in Macao at 4.30 a.m. on May 30, 1852, Patrick Stewart, long a resident of the place, a Parsee named Hurjeebhoy Rustomjee, and William C. Hunter, all old friends, bearing him company on the last night of his life. He died of apoplexy. No will was discovered amongst his papers

and his effects were sold. Mr. Cotton mentions a curious Chinese legend, or myth about the artist, that he lived to 1873, dying at the age of 100.

The following obituary notice of Chinnery appeared in The Friend of India, July 8. The papers last received from China announce the death of Chinnery, and we regret to learn under circumstances of painful destitution.

He was the greatest painter we have had in Calcutta since the days of Zoffani. He came out to Calcutta about the year 1807 and continued to pursue his profession with the most eminent success for nearly twenty years. During this period he was in the habit of making, we believe, nearly half a lakh of rupees a year, and might have realised a much larger income if he could have brought himself to finish his pictures; but after he had succeeded in transferring the image of the sitter to canvas to his own satisfaction, he became indifferent to the completion of the portrait, and could not be prevailed on to submit to the inferior drudgery of finishing the drapery. At the time when his establishfrom 50 to 100 unfinished portraits in his ment was broken up, there were, we believe, studio. He had that complete indifference to the value of money which so often accompanies artists of genius, and it was owing to the irretrievable derangement of his affairs that retired to China, where he passed the remainhe was constrained to quit Calcutta. He then ing 27 years of his life, in obscurity, and we fear also in distress and poverty. an artist of surpassing excellence. His portraits were valuable, not only for their marwho have had an opportunity of comparing vellous fidelity, but also as works of art. Those the three pictures in which he considered himself to have been most successful, those of Sir Francis Macnaghten, Mr. Robert Cutlar Fergusson, and Dr. Marshman, with the originals, will fully understand how his labours must have been appreciated. There was a degree of elegance and grace in all the productions of his pencil as well as of his brush, which gives them no ordinary value, and his sketches of Chinese regarded as rich prizes by all who have been so fortunate as to obtain them W. H. WELPLY.

He was

scenery are

JAM AMES FITZMAURICE FITZGERALD. -The 'D.N.B.' says that during 1575-6 he remained in the neighbourhood of Paris. He reached Paris before 28 April, 1575, but had returned to St. Malo before 13 June. He remained at St. Malo till December of that year, when he spent a week or fortnight at Paris, and he was apparently not in Paris again at this time except for a few days at the end of August,

1576 (see Cal. S.P.Ir. 1574-85, p. 65; Cal. Hatfield MSS. ii. p. 98; Cal. S.P. For. 1575-7, nos. 176, 177, 228, 229, 231, 345, 519, 526, 890). The D.N.B.' says that "he early in 1577 left France to try his fortune at the Spanish Court" and that "leaving his two sons . . . under the protection of

Cardinal Granvelle .. he went on to Italy. It seems more probable, however, that leaving his wife and daughter in Brittany he with his sons went straight to Rome, where he obtained the brief, dated Feb. 25, 1577, which is printed in Ellis, Original Letters, Second Series,' vol. iii., pp. 93-4. The D. N.B.' says that the Crown of Ireland at this time was promised to the Pope's nephew." By "the Pope's nephew probably meant his son, Giacomo Buoncompagni and Leland (‘Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., p. 267) asserts that Stucley offered the Irish crown to him; but, if any such ridiculous offer was made, it is quite certain that Gregory XIII., who never employed his son in important matters of state, and indeed kept him carefully under restraint, would not have listened to it for a moment. From Rome Fitzmaurice went to Lisbon where he arrived 5 July, 1577. From that date down to the summer of 1578, his history so far as it has survived, may be read in an article called A Bygone Bishop of Mayo' in the Dublin Review for July, 1923. He brought his wife and daughter to Vitoria in August, 1578, about the time that Stucley lost his life at the battle of Alcazar. Of all this the 'D.N.B.' says nothing. The 'D.N.B.' says:

Leaving Stukeley to follow with the main body of the invading force, Fitzmaurice, accompanied by Dr. Sanders, papal nuncio, and Matthew de Oviedo, sailed from Ferrol in Galicia on 17 June, 1579 with a few troops which he had gathered together, having with him his own vessel and three Spanish shallops. But Stucley had been dead ten months, Fitzmaurice sailed on 20 (not 17) June from Ferrol with two vessels of sixty tons and two barques. His own ship was the San Francisco, purchased at Bilbao. Sander was not Papal nuncio. The dates at the end of the D.N.B.' article are all wrong.

Those interested will find the facts stated as correctly as I can, and sufficiently documented, in my article, Some Letters and Papers of Nicholas Sander' in the latest (26th) volume of the Catholic Record Society, viz., Miscellanea XIII., 1926. Fitzmaurice met his death Aug. 18, 1579.

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

SERVICE BY ASSAYING OF WAFERS

AT CORONATION.-Can any reader ing:-In 1389 protection was granted for give me information concerning the followtwo years to Thomas, prior of Tippertrete, and his house and possessions, as he holds the day of the King's Coronation, the irons of the King by the service of carrying on wherein the King's wafers are made and assaying them before the King. What were these irons, and what does assaying signify in this context? When did this service at Coronations cease to be observed ?

NEW HALL,

is

CHARLES DE BOIS. CHELMSFORD.-It stated in Morant's History of Essex,' vol. i., 490, that Henry VIII. purchased New Hall in 1517, and gave it the name of Beaulieu," which, however, it did not long retain, and that his daughter Queen Mary gave it to the 2nd Baron Wharton. From whom did King Henry purchase it, and did he ever reside there? Also how

long did it continue in the Wharton family, and how and when did it lapse from them? Any particulars will oblige. New Hall is, I am aware, now a convent.

T.

H. F. ENRY AND DAVID JENKINS.-In 1802 there resided in Nassau, West

HE Indies, a Reverend Henry Jenkins, Clerk-inHoly Orders. Whether or not he then held any clerical appointment I am unable to say, but later he became Rector of St. James's, Montego Bay, Jamaica. His wife's name was Margaret, and in the aforementioned year this child, Henry Stiles Jenkins, was baptized. Mrs. Jenkins was related to Mrs. Deborah Gambier (née Stiles), wife of the Governor, and mother of James (afterwards Lord) Gambier. Can any reader supply me with the following details of information:

1. Henry Jenkins's academical qualifications, and the dates and places of his ordination to the diaconate and priesthood?

2 Mrs. Jenkins's maiden name and her precise relationship to Mrs. Gambier?

About the same period there resided at or near Midhurst, Sussex, a brother, the Reverend David Jenkins, absentee Rector of Llanllwchaiarn, Cardiganshire. Whom did this gentleman marry, and where and when? Did either David or Henry bear coat armour?

F. H. E. H. H. Llewelyn JONES-THOMAS. Merthyr Tydfil,

ᎠᎬ

E LACY FAMILY.-In Burke's Dormant and Extinct Peerage' something is said of two lines of this family, those of Pontefract and Cheshire, and those of Herefordshire and Ireland. It is stated that the relationship between Walter de Lascy and Gilbert de Lacy is not known; and that the senior lines of both these families became extinct in the male line at an early date, and the sons of daughters inherited the principal estates and assumed the name. families are stated to have born identical Later, and in the twelfth century, both arms, namely. Or a lion rampant purpure. The lines of descent of the junior branches the considerable list of families of the name of the family are, however, not given; yet Lacy in Burke's General Armory' shows there must have been several junior branches. Some of these people bore arms very similar to those given above for the senior lines. Of these, the branch of the de Lacy or Lacy family, which bore the arms, Or a lion rampant gules, is the particular subject of this inquiry. Is there any history of the de Lacys which shows the junior

branches?

(MRS.) M. DE ROEMER. Lime Park, Hurstmonceux,

Sussex.

NOADS.-Can anybody tell me why the wood in the New Forest, near Beaulieu, is called the Noads, and what is the derivation of the name?

WALTER INNES NOAD. 10, Stanwick Road, Kensington, W.14.

ROBERT DALE OWEN: DESCENDANTS WANTED.-I wonder if your readers could assist me in tracing descendants of Robert Dale Owen, the eldest son of Robert Owen, the New Lanark philanthropist. His daughter, Rosamond Owen, was the second wife of Mr. Laurence Oli

phant.

be give me would be greatly appreciated. Any assistance your readers would be able

NORMAN E. HIMES. Fellow, Social Science Research Council, U.S.A.

ROGERS OF ASHGROVE. Smith, in his History of Cork,' mentions that in the parish church of Clonmel, a mile from Cove (Queenstown), on the Great Island, there is an inscription to George Rogers, Esq., of Ashgrove, in that island, who died May 11, 1710, in his sixty-first year, with the names of several of his children. also mentions Ashgrove, a fine plantation,

He

THE

Replies.

KNIFE AS A MARK OF

ATTESTATION :

Surrender of Copyholds. (cli. 405, 446; clii. 10, 32.)

HERE can be no doubt that the knife was not attached to the deed in question in lieu of a seal, but because it was the implement by which the seisin of the property was symbolically delivered. In other words, the knife was not a mark of attestation of the deed, but the deed attested that seisin had been delivered by the knife. The symbolical delivery of the seisin was of the essence of the transaction, and, in their origin, deeds were simply a record of what had been done, for proof, at any future time, that the transaction had taken place. The fact that this was the original function of a deed, executed on the conveyance of land, accounts for the practice, which subsisted till about the middle of the last century, and was continued even later by some conveyancers of the old school; of using operative words first in the past tense, and then repeating them in the present. Thus a conveyance would run (omitting superfluous words) that A. B. hath granted released and conveyed and doth by these presents grant release and convey unto C. D. and his heirs.

On Monday before the Feast of St. Martin, the Bishops of Durham, and Lichfield and Coventry, having met in the garden of the residence of Isabella at Stokewell at six in the morning (the first hour) the Bishop of Durham prepared a charter of sale and quitclaim of the lordship of the Isle of Wight and other properties from Isabella de Fortibus to the King, for the consideration of 6.000 marks. This charter was then sealed with the seal of the Countess and delivered to the Bishop, who at the same time received possession of the island and of the manors in the name of

the King and for his use, by the gloves of the said Bishop, which the Countess held in her hand for the purpose."

The practice of attaching a knife, by which a person had been enfeoffed, to the deed recording the transaction, may be paralleled by a custom which existed in the Manor of Wakefield until copyholds ceased to exist on Jan. 1, 1926. As is well known, an essential element in the transfer of copyhold property was the symbolical surrender of the copyhold tenement to the Lord of the Manor by the delivery by the copyholder to the Steward, or his deputy, or (where the custom permitted it) a copyholder of the Manor, by whom the surrender was taken, of some article prescribed by the custom of the Manor. This was usually a rod, but in the Manor of Wakefield copyholds were surrendered by the delivery of a straw-no doubt a reminiscence of the time when Wakefield and its neighbourhood were of an agricultural character. This straw was sewn to the document of surrender and delivered with it to the Steward of the Manor.

As copyholds are now abolished, together with the formalities (which had come down from a remote past) attending their transthe method adopted on taking surrenders fer, it may perhaps be well to place on record in the various manors in the extensive Honor of Clitheroe. During the last forty years I have as a copyholder taken many such. The written document of surrender of the property to the use of the transferee, having been signed by the surrenderor, a rod (usually the office ruler, but an umbrella or even a pen-holder, has been pressed into use in an emergency) was laid upon the document of surrender, and one end of both was grasped by the surrenderor, and the other end by me, and I addressed the surrenderor as follows:-"You hereby surrender the property comprised in this surrender unto the hands of the Lord of the Manor of (naming it) by my hands as a copyholder of the said Manor to the uses in such Surrender mentioned.'

The surrenderor then signified his assent of surrender to me and the surrender was and relinquished the rod and the document complete.

The person to whose use the surrender was made was admitted tenant at the next halfyearly Court of the Manor, unless for any reason an admittance was desired at an earlier date, when a special admittance out of Court was granted by the Steward on payment of an extra fee. When a surrender