Hand-books of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy: Heat

Front Cover
C. Lockwood & Company, 1877
 

Contents

The construction of the mercurial thermometer
9
The graduation of the thermometer
12
Experimental determination of the fixed points
13
The barometrical correction of the boiling point
15
Different thermometric scales ཆས
16
Comparative table of the scales
17
Precautions in the construction of a thermometer
18
SECT
19
Rutherfords selfrecording thermometers
25
Alcohol thermometers
31
Brogniarts pyrometer
37
Coefficient of expansion
51
Relation between the apparent and absolute expansion
63
Methods of determining the expansion of liquids
64
Determination of the absolute expansion of mercury
65
Regnaults determination
66
Results 68 Apparent expansion of mercury in glass vessels 69 Expansion of other liquids PAGE 58 59 60 61 64 65 66 67 ib 70 The expansion of wa...
67
Other methods of determining the maximum density
68
Importance of the phenomenon
69
Saline solutions
70
Strata of different density in the same liquid 76 Process of heating a liquid 77 Experimental proof
71
Warming buildings by hot water
72
Oceanic currents 69 70 ib 71 ib 72
74
CHAPTER V
75
Dilatation of gases
80
Dilatation of all gases uniform
81
GayLussacs method of determining expansion of gases
82
Rudbergs researches
83
Regnaults experiments
84
Expansion of gases at different pressures
85
Application of results
86
Increase of pressure due to increase of temperature
87
Practical applications of the expansion of gases
88
Warming buildings by heated
91
Ventilation of mines 75 76 1156
92
Argand lamp 94 92 Experiments
94
Absolute temperature Absolute zero
95
CHAPTER VI
96
Definition of specific heat
97
Calorimetric methods
98
Specific heat of liquids
104
Formula for variation of specific heat with pressure
110
Useful effects produced by latent heat
128
Facility of liquefaction proportional to latent heat
134
Annealing and tempering
135
Retardation of solidification
136
Change of volume accompanying fusion and solidi fication
137
Influence of pressure on the temperature of fusion
138
Regelation
139
Apparatus for producing artificial cold
141
Vapour of a liquid an elastic fluid like air 142 How its pressure is indicated and measured 143 Saturated space
154
Quantity of vapour in saturated space depends on temperature 145 Relation between pressure temperature and density ib 146 Vapours of different liq...
156
ib 147 Experiments on the relation between pressure and temperature 148 Water evaporates at all temperatures 149 The apparatus of GayLussac
158
Arago and Dulongs apparatus 150 Daltons apparatus 152 Regnaults apparatus
161
Mechanical force developed in evaporation
163
5 96 ib 97
165
Regnaults tables for steam and other vapours
166
ib 163 166 170 171 173
168
Faradays method of liquefying gases
171
Experiments of Cagniard de la Tour Drion and Andrews
172
Exceptions to the general
173
Ebullition
174
Mixture of gases and vapours
175
Experimental verification
176
Liquids at different temperatures in communication
177
Boutignys experiments
178
Expansion of vapours separated from liquid 163 Properties of superheated vapour
179
Effects of mere compression
180
Permanent gases are superheated vapours 166 Processes by which gases are liquefied and solidified
181
Gases which have been liquefied 168 Experiments of M Pouillet
182
Carbonic acid
183
Experiments on the retardation of ebullition
184
Ebullition at high pressures
185
Thiroliers apparatus
186
Latent heat of vapour
187
Latent heat at different pressures and temperatures
188
Experimental determination of latent heat of vapours
189
Watts and Southerns laws Regnaults results
190
Latent heat of other vapours
191
Latent heat of alcohol
192
Condensation of vapour
193
Distillation
194
Apparatus to distil volatile liquids
195
Crystallisation produced by distillation
196
186
218
The eolipyle
236
Freezing by evaporation
237
Applications of latent heat of steam
238
CHAPTER IX
239
Relative and absolute humidity
240
The dewpoint 205 Daniells hygrometer
241
Regnaults hygrometer
243
Psychrometers
245
Influence of heat on chemical separation
258
Dissociation of gaseous compounds
259
Retardation of chemical action by lowering of tempe rature
260
General remarks on dissociation or thermolysis
261
CHAPTER XI
263
Compensation of pendulums for temperature
266
Thermal analysis of solar light
267
Grahams mercurial compensating pendulum
268
Invisible rays
269
The barometercorrection
270
Reflection of heat
271
Absorption
272
Thermal equilibrium
273
Transmission of heat
274
Superficial and cubical expansion
275
Results of Mellonis experiments
276
Diathermancy
277
Illustrations of methods for determining expansion
278
Applications of preceding facts
279
Formation of
280
Artificial
281
Recent experiments and theories
282
Analogies between light and radiant heat
283
Law of diminution with the distance
284
Expansion of gases
285
Relation between radiation and absorption
286
Elective absorption
287
Diathermancy of liquids
288
Influence of expansion on the specific gravity of bodies
289
Quality of heat
290
Determination of the density of vapours
291
Problems on temperaturecorrections
293
PAGE
295
Expansion of alloys
296
Correction for fixed points of thermometers
297
Calibration of a thermometer
301
The airthermometer
304
Comparison of mercury and airthermometer
306
Leslies thermometric hygrometer 239
307
240
312
241
316
The two specific heats of air
317
243
318
Mixtures of vapours and gases
324
245
325
246
329
Table of conducting powers
331
Variations of conductivity in the same body
333
Conductivity of wood
334
Conductivity of organic substances
336
Rumfords experiments
337
Influence of mechanical state on conductivity
338
Comparison of the conducting power of two rods
340
Absolute conductivity
342
Conductivity of liquids Convection
343
Conducting power of water
344
Conductivity of gases
347
Causes which influence the conductivity
350
Examples ib 262 Numerical expression for conductivity
354
Most recent experiments on conductivity in gases
355
Summary of the results of experiments
356
CHAPTER XIII
357
Instruments for the study of radiant heat
359
367
367
ib
369
Action of vapours
392
Action of perfumes
393
Absorption of aqueous vapour
394
Summary of phenomena
395
Reflexion and refraction 397 297 Refrangibility of different rays
397
Absorption
398
General results
399
CHAPTER XIV
400
Heat rendered sensible by compression of air
402
Hirns experiment
404
Specific heat of air at constant volume and constant pressure
405
SECT PAGE 305 Further consequences and theoretical considerations
406
Steamengines Loss of heat when work is done
411
Other physical processes
412
Melting of ice
413
BOOK III
414
Combustion
415
Carbon ib 312 Hydrogen
417
Flame
419
Products of combustion
422
Construction of grates
424
Temperature necessary for combustion
431
CHAPTER XVI
434
Temperature of blood
435
Chemical action accounts for total heat
440
INDEX
443
Fizeaus experiments
445

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