had the reputation of being the most attached to his family, in order to enable them to join him, a single person of distinction had not yet declared himself. The Duke of Perth alone took no part, at first, in these debates between the Prince and the chiefs of the clans; resting his head against the fire-place, and listening to the dispute without uttering a single word; but at last he declared himself foudly of the opinion of the other chiefs.' pp. 52-54.

This statement of the proceedings at Derby, though at variance with the accounts given by Home and others, is not only the most likely to be true, but, as the Editor remarks, contains the only rational explanation of the resolutions then adopted by the rebel army.' The conduct of Fergus Mac Ivor in Waverley, in remonstrating against the retreat, is a pure fiction. The men, indeed, are stated to have learned the resolution of their chieftains with surprise and indignation. If we had 'been beaten,' says Johnstone, the grief could not have been " greater.'

On the 17th, the main body of the retreating army reached Penrith. Lord George followed with the regiment of the Macdonalds of Glengary, consisting of five hundred men, to protect the artillery; while, the Duke of Cumberland, with two thousand cavalry, and as many foot soldiers mounted behind them, hung on his rear.

Fortunately, the road running between thorn hedges and ditches, the cavalry could not act in such a manner as to surround us, nor present a larger front to us than the breadth of the road. The Highlanders received their charge with the most undaunted firmness. They repelled the assailants with their swords, and did not quit their ground till the artillery and waggons were a hundred paces from them, and continuing their route. Then the Highlanders wheeled to the right, and ran with full speed, till they joined the waggons, when they stopt again for the cavalry, and stood their charge as firm as a wall. The cavalry were repulsed in the same manner as before by their swords. We marched in this manner about a mile, the cavalry continually renewing the charge, and the Highlanders always repulsing them, repeating the same manœuvre, and behaving like lions.'

In the skirmish which ensued at Clifton Hall, the English accounts stated that the Highlanders were driven from their ground with great loss, and saved from destruction only by the darkness of the night. Our Author tells a very different tale, affirming that they lost only a dozen Highlanders, who continued the pursuit of the discomfited enemy with too much ardour, while a considerable number of the English cavalry were cut to pieces. And his account is most probably nearest the truth. The Scotch army did not withdraw from Clifton Hall till some hours after dark; but the artillery was sent off in the beginning of the action, with orders to continue to advance to Carlisle. There, the whole army arrived on the 19th, having marched 170 miles in

fourteen days, and quitted it on the following morning, leaving behind the Manchester regiment, and some companies of the Duke of Perth's regiment, in the command of the town. The reason for voluntarily sacrificing these unfortunate victims,' the Chevalier says, he could never comprehend.'

'We must draw a veil over this piece of cruelty, being altogether unable to discover the motive for leaving these 400 men at Carlisle, or to find an excuse for it.'

The account given of the Battle of Falkirk, mainly agrees with that furnished by Home. General Hawley, in injudiciously beginning the attack with his cavalry, instead of remaining on the defensive, is believed to have acted on the opinion, that the Highlanders could not stand against a charge of dragoons. When the cavalry were repulsed, they fell back on their own infantry, threw them immediately into disorder, and carried the right wing of their army with them in their flight. The victors were not, however, aware, owing to the disorder into which they had been thrown, and the darkness of the night, of the decisive nature of the defeat sustained by the English, who, panic-struck, continued their flight with the utmost precipitation to Edinburgh. When this was discovered, the Prince, instead of following up his advantage by pursuing the routed enemy, determined to return to Bannockburn in order to lay siege to Stirling Castle. This stupid and fatal resolution proved the ruin of his cause. While the army were amusing themselves' before the castle, the fugitives, on the one hand, had time to recover from their fright, and to concentrate their forces, which, by means of fresh detachments, became, in eight or ten days, stronger than it had been before the battle. The Highlanders, on the other hand, had time to desert in great numbers to their native mountains, in order to secure the booty; so that, at the approach of the Duke of Cumberland, a retreat became inevitable in order to save the remains of the army from being overwhelmed by superior numbers.

A very curious anecdote is given relative to the conduct of the Prince of Hesse, son in law of George II., who had landed at Leith on the 8th of February, with five thousand infantry and five hundred hussars, but who does not appear to have displayed a very warm personal interest in the contest. A body of Hessian troops was despatched to Blair, to compel Lord George to raise the siege of the castle; and Smollett states that they obliged the rebels to retire. This is a mistake. Although Lord George had only seven hundred men with him, and nearly six thousand Hessians were within a day's march of Blair, he remained before the castle from the 17th to the 31st of March, when he received orders to VOL. XV. N. S. 2 A

join the army at Inverness. The following is our Author's expla nation of the circumstance.

"These hussars having attacked Lord George, the Highlanders fell upon them with rapidity and impetuosity, sword in hand; and running after them as fast as their horses, they killed five or six Hessians, and took one lieutenant prisoner. Next day, Lord George sent back the officer, with a letter to the Prince of Hesse, in which he demanded in the name of Prince Charles, a cartel for the exchange of prisoners on both sides; adding that if he would not grant it, all the Hessians who might fall into our hands should be put to the sword. The Prince of Hesse communicated the letter of Lord George to the Duke of Cumberland, representing the demand as reasonable and just; but the Duke would not hear of any cartel. The Prince declared instantly that, "Without a cartel no Hessian should stir from Perth," and he added, that he was not so much interested in the quarrel be tween the houses of Stuart and Hanover, as to sacrifice his subjects in combating with men driven to despair. The Prince kept his word; having always remained at Perth with his Hessians, and refusing to advance to the north of Scotland to join the English army, as the Duke of Cumberland wished him to do.' p. 119.

The Chevalier's account of the remarkable affair of Moy, varies from that given by Home, in ascribing the whole merit of the stratagem and of its success to the intrepid blacksmith. He states that the Prince, conceiving himself in perfect security in the castle of Moy, had resolved to wait for the arrival of the other column of his army, which had taken another route, before he approached nearer to Inverness. Lord Loudon, having formed the project of seizing his person by surprise, posted guards and a chain of sentinels all round Inverness, both within and without the town, at three o'clock in the afternoon, with positive orders not to suffer any person to leave it on any pretext whatsoever. He ordered fifteen hundred men to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning; and, after dark, putting himself at the head of this body of troops, he left the town as secretly as possible, planning his march so as to arrive at the castle about eleven o'clock at night.

Whilst some English officers were drinking in the house of Mrs. Bailly, an innkeeper in Inverness, and passing the time till the hour of their departure, her daughter, a girl of thirteen or fourteen years of age, who happened to wait on them, paid great attention to their conversation, and from certain expressions dropped by them, she discovered their designs. As soon as this generous girl was certain as to their intentions, she immediately left the house, escaped from the town, notwithstanding the vigilance of the sentinels, and imme diately took the road to Moy, running as fast as she was able, without shoes or stockings, which, to accelerate her progress, she had taken off, in order to inform the Prince of the danger that menaced him. She reached Moy, quite out of breath, before Lord Loudon; and

the Prince, with difficulty, escaped in his robe de chambre, night-cap, and slippers, to the neighbouring mountains where he passed the night in concealment. This dear girl, to whom the Prince owed his life, was in great danger of losing her own, from her excessive fatigue on this occasion; but the care and attention she experienced, restored her to life, and her health was again established. The Prince, having no suspicion of such a daring attempt, had very few people with him in the castle of Moy.

As soon as the girl had spread the alarm, the blacksmith of the village of Moy presented himself to the Prince, and assured His Royal Highness that he had no occasion to leave the castle; as he would answer for it with his head, that Lord Loudon and his troops would be obliged to return faster than they came. The Prince had not sufficient confidence in his assurances to neglect seeking his safety by flight to the neighbouring mountains. However, the blacksmith, for his own satisfaction, put his project in execution. He instantly assembled a dozen of his companions, and advanced with them about a quarter of a league from the castle, on the road to Inverness. There he laid an ambuscade, placing six of his companions on each side of the high-way, to wait the arrival of the detachment of Lord Loudon, enjoining them not to fire till he should tell them, and then not to fire together, but one after another. When the head of the detachment of Lord Loudon was opposite the twelve men, about eleven o'clock in the evening, the blacksmith called out with a loud voice, "Here come the villains who intend carrying off our Prince; fire, my lads, do hot spare them; give no quarter!" In an instant muskets were dis charged from each side of the road, and the detachment, seeing their project had taken wind, began to fly in the greatest disorder, imagining that our whole army was lying in wait for them. Such was their terror and consternation, that they did not stop till they reached Inverness. In this manner did a common blacksmith, with twelve of his companions, put Lord Loudon and fifteen hundred regular troops to flight. The fifer of his Lordship, who happened to be at the head of the detachment, was killed by the first discharge; and the detachment did not wait for a second.' pp. 110-12.

During the winter months, while the Prince's army was shut up in the mountains, they made prisoners a greater number of Euglish, than that of all the Highlanders that were with him; but not being able either to send them to Frauce, or otherwise to dispose of them, they could not prevent their escaping back to their regiments. The Chevalier states, that among the prisoners were from four to five hundred officers, to whom the Prince gave permission to go wherever they pleased on their parole not to serve against him for eighteen months. But the Duke of Cumberland, on leaving Edinburgh, issued a circular absolving all the EngJish officers from their parole and oath, declaring that they could not be bound by any parole given to rebels, and threatening them with disposing of their commissions unless they immediately joined their respective regiments. The reply of Sir Peter Hal2 A 2

ket, and the three other officers who refused to accept of the Duke's absolution, deserves to be recorded: The Duke,' they said, was master of their commissions, but not of their probity and honour. Their conduct is said to have been approved of by George II.

For some time previously to the Battle of Culloden, provisions had become very scarce at Inverness, and the army had suffered much from want of food. The military chest was empty, and all communication with the Low Country was cut off by the English army. In consequence of this state of things, the Prince had permitted nearly half of his followers to return home till further orders, when the intelligence came like a clap of thunder upon the remainder of his army, that the Duke had forded the Spey without opposition. The account given by the Author of these Memoirs, of the night-march of the rebels to Nairn, is very imperfect, although not irreconcileable with the account furnished by Home, and the clear statement of Lord George Murray himself, which are given in the Notes. Had Lord George's recommendation been adopted, to take up a strong position on the other side of the water of Nairn, where the Duke might have been set at defiance, the Battle of Culloden would not have taken place. The reason alleged for encountering the Duke's army on the plain moor, was, that otherwise Inverness must be abandoned, as the road to it would be left open. The true reason Lord George considers to have been, that Sir Thomas Sheridan, &c. could not have undergone the fatigue of a hill campaign: so we were obliged,' he adds, to be undone for their ease.' The Prince was determined to give battle at all risks, and would listen to no advice, not having strength of mind to endure the suspense of any further delay. The Highlanders, exhausted with hunger, fatigue, and want of sleep, advanced to the charge like lions, but were unable to maintain their ground with their wonted firmness. The right wing gave way before the fire of the English, which was brought to bear upon them at once in front and in flank; and although the centre had already broken the enemy's first line, and attacked the second, and the left wing was not yet engaged, the flight became in an instant general, spreading from the right to the left with the rapidity of lightning. Three Macdonald regiments retreated without striking a blow, owing, it appears, not to the panic, so much as to their having been stationed, contrary to all precedent, on the left instead of the right of the army. Our sweet-natured P,' says a Macdonald officer who was present, was prevailed on by L. and his faction, to assign this honour to another on this fatal day, which right, we judge, they ⚫ will not refuse to yield us back again next fighting day.' The Duke of Perth, hearing the loud murmurs of the men, is stated