incontrovertible proofs that filth, so called, in some form is the important factor in the spread of this disease. At the last meeting of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, Dr. George Vivian Poore presented the record of the reported epidemics of typhoid fever in England for thirty years, and the facts are so overwhelming in proof of a filth cause, that we give the record complete. The lesson it teaches is applicable to every community and to every home in New Hampshire.

CAUSES OF TYPHOID FEVER.

Slovenliness as to

In 1858, at Windsor, 400 infected; 26 deaths. removal of filth; offensive pig-sties; unregulated slaughter-houses; unremoved refuse; obstructed surface drainage. Three fifths of the houses supplied from surface wells, sometimes in proximity to undrained premises, or imperfect drains. Sewerage without adequate exterior ventilation, and so ventilating itself into houses. On account of the summer drought, the sewer atmosphere at maximum of poison

ousness.

In 1859, at Kirkby-Stephen, one seventh of the 1,500 inhabitants infected; II deaths (Typhoid or Typhus?). Bad drainage. Sewerage draining into drinking-wells. Accumulation of excrement in proximity to houses.

In 1859-60, at Bedford (autumnal epidemic for some years), 30 deaths per annum from fever and diarrheal diseases. Water contaminated with decaying animal matter. Cesspools universal· upwards of 3,000 of them. Water supply from wells frequently in close proximity with cesspools. Water both in cesspools and wells rises and falls

with river.

In 1860, at Bath (Bathwick), 35 houses infected. No sewerage. Cesspools general. Defective house drains leaking beneath houses. Fæcal putrefaction in air and drinking water.

In 1859-60, at Kingston-Deverill (Wilts), 66 (out of population 400) infected; 6 deaths. First contagium imported. Badly-ventilated houses. Not attributed to sewage-tainted water or sewagetainted breathing air; probably to want of precaution in dealing with evacuations.

In 1859-60, at Dronfield, 556 (out of 2,500 inhabitants) infected; 41 deaths. Sanitary neglect. Accumulation of animal filth in privies, cesspools, pig-sties, slaughter-houses, and drains. Drainings

soaking through house walls. Refuse draining itself to dammed-up brook in valley; two much-frequented wells habitually in danger of pollution from this brook.

In 1861, at Calstock (Gunnislake), 213 infected; 12 deaths. Accumulation of excrement, slops, and decaying animal and vegetable matter. Deficient privy accommodation. No efficient house drains or sinks. An unusual number of filthily-kept pigs and of putrid and overflowing refuse pits and heaps.

In 1861, at Over-Darwen, 1,000 infected; 35 deaths (some of these registered as "Typhus"). No system of drainage, or of scavenging. Night soil, ashes, and general refuse allowed to accumulate for months and years. Overcrowding. Water and liquid refuse making for themselves channels in the unpaved streets.

Drains open

In 1861, at King's Langley, 16 infected; 2 deaths. ing near cesspools pass between or beneath houses; in hot weather offensive stinks proceed from these drains. Drinking-wells in danger of contamination from cesspools. Filth and excrement allowed to accumulate from deficient scavenging.

In 1861, at Yeadon, 130 infected; II deaths. Deficient privies and deficient scavenging. Drains communicating with dam whence water is pumped to mills, and there boiled for trade uses. Open gutters, into which slops are thrown. One drinking-well liable to sewage fouling.

In 1863, at Whitehaven, 1,000 infected; 110 deaths (including 17 registered in St. Bees). Overcrowding. Bad ventilation of houses. Bad privy accommodation. Bad scavenage. Practically no drainage. Absolutely none for water-closets. Gutters running down courts carry off surface water, and whatever else may happen to escape from middens, piggeries, etc., or be thrown therein.

In 1863, at Festiniog, 600-700 infected; 67 deaths. Great majority of houses without privies or ash-pits. Fields and house utensils are used the latter being emptied near the houses. Streams in valleys polluted by rain water washing down excrement from houses. This water supply only used for domestic and not drinking purposes. Drinking water from mountains free from pollution. Great overcrowding. Cold and wet attributed as causes. Such privies as exist are generally offensive.

Im

In 1863-4, at Grantham (including Spittlegate); 22 deaths. pure water. The drinking water (spring water) became mixed with

the river water.

This latter receives part of the drainage of a village.

In most cases the effluvia from accumulated human excrement are blamed, from untrapped drains, imperfect sewers,' and bad system of privies.

In 1865-6, at Buglawton, 150 infected; 14 deaths. Only superficial sewers, receiving rainfall, house slops, and in some cases midden excrement. Foul smells from untrapped sewers. Middens in common use, but scavenage very bad. The river dam receives the sewage of many houses, and from this river near where sewage enters, water for domestic use is obtained. Drinking water from well liable to contamination from privies adjacent. Water analysis proves the contamination. "Facts point to specific contamination of the well water by typhoid poison, derived from the first patient in the house adjacent to the well."

In 1864-5-6, at Tottenham (Page Green), 100 infected; 2 or 3 deaths. Where fever occurred, the drinking water was wholly or in part from surface wells. Some of these wells liable to surface and sewage contamination. Water analysis showed organic impurity.

In 1865-6, at Winterton, 100 infected (ex. 145, inhabitants); 17 deaths. In 1867, 55 infected; 6 deaths. Disgraceful state of privies, cesspools, ash-pits, and wells. Contents of privies running into gardens, often penetrating into wells. Refuse, slops, urine thrown into yards, or deposited into open cesspools. Urine and bowel discharges of typhoid patients thrown into open ash-pits. These sources of fæcal fermentation situated close to the houses, and in immediate vicinity of wells. Untrapped drains communicating with main sewer evolving stinking effluvia. Within a circuit of fourteen feet round a drinking-well are an open drain, an open ash-pit, two pig-sties, three privies, and one open cesspool, all (except the drain) raised from one and one half to three feet above the well, and situated on a loose porous soil.

Sewer receiving

In 1867, at Guildford, 500 infected; 21 deaths. mainly surface water, receives excreta from certain water-closets, and the overflow of certain cesspools; some privies also discharge their liquid excreta into this sewer. Sewer runs within ten feet of well, and by percolation and by a fissure in the chalk, excrementitious matter leaked from the sewer to the well.

In 1867, at Terling, 300 infected (ex. 900 inhabitants); 41 deaths. Slops, ashes, manure-heaps, broken-down privies and cesspools surround the cottages; drinking water is obtained from wells at a lower level, and separated by loose porous soil from the above nuisances.

The remaining drinking water is got from ponds into which drainage from the fields and roads run, or from river water contaminated by sewage. Overcrowding everywhere.

In 1869, at Wicken-Bonant, 45 infected; 4 deaths. Privy of first house affected with typhoid stands on edge of water channel; the undisinfected stools were thrown into the privy; thus the excrement got from privy to brook, and the brook communicated with the parish well. The method of infection in the first patient is uncertain, but was caused in some manner by typhoid fever previously imported from London.

In 1870, at Annesley (Notts). Arrangements for excrement disposal and water supply such that people must drink their own excrement.

In 1870, at Appledore and Northam (Devon). Streets and courts ill-constructed and ill-drained, with excrement and refuse lying about everywhere. Water sources befouled. "Epidemics of enteric and scarlet fevers."

In 1870, at Coventry (neighborhood of). "Enteric fever seriously prevalent." Ascribed to use of polluted water, want of efficient sewerage, and various accumulations of filth.

In 1870, at Croyde (Devon).

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Serious prevalence of enteric fever." No public sewerage or house drainage. Excrement and refuse accumulations. Pig-sties and dung-heap nuisances, sometimes polluting the water.

In 1870, at Penryn (Cornwall). "Considerable outbreak of enteric fever." Streets lined with excrement and refuse. Want of sewers, privies, and ash-pits. Water sources polluted.

In 1870, at Rolvenden (Kent). "Enteric fever epidemic." Water supply polluted. Want of drainage and proper means of excrement disposal. Abundant nuisances.

In 1870, at Spinkhill (Derbyshire).

"Habitual prevalence and

present outbreak of enteric fever." Water of public and other wells polluted. Drains defective. Want of privies and ash-pits. Filth

accumulations.

"Great prevalence of

In 1870, at Ystrad-y-fodwg (Glamorgan). enteric fever." Neglect of all sanitary precautions. No due provision for excrement or refuse disposal. Water supply insufficient and liable to pollution.

In 1871, at Brackley (Northampton). Accumulation of excrement.

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Epidemic of typhoid."

Wells near cesspools.

In 1871, at Bulwell (Notts).

of water by excrement nuisances.

"Epidemic of typhoid." Pollution Privies filthy and insufficient.

In 1871, at Burbage (Leicestershire). Epidemic of typhoid fever, connected with use of water from a well communicating with a privy probably infected by an imported case of typhoid. Bad excrement management, and improper water supply generally.

In 1871, at Calstock (Cornwall). Frequency of typhoid epidemic. Continuance of unwholesome conditions previously reported. (Vide 1861.)

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In 1871, at Carlton (Notts). "Enteric fever epidemic." No proper water supply. Privies few and bad. Nuisances abounding. In 1871, at Helions-Bumpstead (Essex). Epidemic enteric fever." Great accumulations of excrement and filth. Foul ditches. Much of water supply polluted.

In 1871, at Higham-Ferrers (Northampton). "Habitual prevalence of enteric fever." Ground sodden with leakage from privy pits and cesspools. Water polluted. Insufficient ventilation of sewers. Accumulations of excrement and house filth. Trade nuisances.

In 1871, at Hugglescote, Donnington, Coalville, Packington (Leicestershire). “Enteric fever severely epidemic." Air and water polluted by excrement. No proper drainage. Nuisances from privies and pig-sties.

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In 1871, at Ilminster (Somersetshire). Considerable epidemic of enteric fever." Foul open sewers. Excremental filth everywhere, saturating ground and contaminating most of drinking water.

In 1871, at Packington (Leicestershire and Derbyshire). "Severe epidemic of enteric fever." Water supply polluted. Serious accumulations of excrement and other filth.

In 1871, at Sunderland. Epidemics of typhus, typhoid, and small pox." Overcrowding. Defective drainage. Improperly regulated water-closets. Excremental nuisances. Defective water supply. Ashton-in-Makerfield (Lancaster). "Epidemic of Insufficient water supply, and partly from questionHouse drainage bad. Accumulations of excrement. Want of scavenging.

In 1872, at typhoid fever." able sources.

In 1872, at Sherborne, 243 infected. Water in surface mains exposed to contamination from water-closets by excrement and sewer air. In some cases the specific contagium of typhoid would thus enter the water pipes. This entrance to the water pipes was made possible on account of the water supply being itself shut off near the supplying reservoir. Water-closets defective; filthy privies in the town with large pits, producing soil saturation and air pollution. Inefficient sewerage and drainage. Overflow of bath pipes (in some instances)