communicating with soil pipes or drains.

Remains of old sewers and

dead wells in the town evolving foul smells. Public water supply good, but in addition several wells exist in the town exposed to contamination from soil of privy pits or leakage from old sewers.

In 1872, at Armley, 107 infected; 11 deaths. Defective drainage. Large privy cesspools the usual thing. The earth upon which the dwellings stand is polluted with soakage from drains and cesspools. Typhoid first attacked dairyman and then spread to a large number of his customers. His well was found to be extensively contaminated

with sewage.

In 1872, at Abingdon. Water supply mostly from surface wells in porous soil soaked with excremental and other filth. Sewerage defective. Sub-soil in part water-logged. Privy and water-closet nuisances. Accumulations of excrement. "Enteric fever and diarrhoea."

In 1872, Burton-Latimer (Northampton). "Typhoid epidemic.” Water supply obtained from wells polluted by soakage from privies and cesspools. Sewerage and drainage defective. Accumulations of excrement and refuse. Nuisance from piggeries. Overcrowding. In 1872, at Huddersfield. Typhoid epidemic." Sewers defect

ive.

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Certain water supplies largely polluted with sewage.

In 1872, at Leigh (Lancashire). Privy accommodation insufficient. Polluted water used from wells close to drains, privies, and middens. Accumulations of excrement. Imperfect sewers. Badly constructed and arranged houses.

In 1872, at Olney (Bucks). "Constant prevalence of enteric fever." Imperfect drainage. Soil round wells sodden with soakage from privies. Cottages without privies or ash-pits. Accumulation of

excrement.

In 1872, at Swinton (Yorks). Enteric fever endemic." Soakage of excremental filth into wells. Accumulation of excrement and filth.

In 1872, at Wellington (Somerset). Water liable to pollution. Imperfect sewerage and drainage. No system for removal of refuse. Nuisances from manure, pig-sties, and slaughter houses.

No

In 1872, at Whitchurch (Hants). "Enteric fever." Water obtained from wells sunk in porous soil saturated with sewage. proper sewerage system. Nuisance from piggeries.

In 1873, at Wincanton (Somerset).

enteric fever." Foul privies and drains.

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Continued prevalence of Air and soil polluted by

sewage. Cesspits. Water supply from reservoir polluted.

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In 1873, at Brecknock. • Enteric fever." Defective drainage. Cesspits leaky and rarely emptied; pollution of soil water. Badlyconstructed privies. Nuisances from animals, and from accumulations of manure.

In 1873, at Littleport. "Typhoid fever endemic." Water supply insufficient and in part polluted. Nuisances from cesspools, privies, and imperfect drainage. Accumulations of excrement.

In 1873, at Tottenham. Ill-designed cesspools in parts not sewered. Water supply contaminated with decaying animal refuse. Water-courses and ditches used as sewers. Large deposit of sewage mud at sewage works. Effusion of sewage on lower parts of village due to a flood. Escape of sewer air into the houses on the higher levels.

In 1873, at Moseley and Balsall Heath, 96 infected; 10 deaths. Porous soil extensively polluted by soakage from dumb wells, bad drains, and ash-pit privies. Wells supplying water for domestic use polluted with sewage or excremental matters. Typhoid fever broke out at a dairyman's; fever evacuations were here thrown into the privy; by soakage, excrement from this privy polluted two wells. Thence infection was borne via the milk to the customers. "Suds" in which infected clothing had been washed, afterwards polluted well water, from the use of which fresh outbreaks were traced.

In 1873, at Marylebone, 244 infected; 26 deaths. Due to infected milk supply, obtained from a farm near Chilton. The owner of this farm died of typhoid fever, his evacuations being buried, without disinfection, where they found their way into well water used for dairy purposes. Defects in sewerage and drainage were also dis

covered in the affected houses.

In 1873, at Combrooke (Warwickshire). Leamington, and spread to adjoining houses. in these houses was obtained from a well Privies in village imperfectly constructed.

Typhoid imported from

The water much used exposed to pollution.

In 1873, at Caius College (Cambridge), 15 infected (12 being in Tree Court). Excremental contamination of a particular section of the college water service.

In 1873, at Guisborough (Yorks). "Serious prevalence of typhoid." Water polluted from privy and refuse nuisances. Imperfect scavenging. Ill-built and overcrowded houses.

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In 1874, at Baldock (Herts). · Outbreak of enteric fever." Polluted water. Air fouled by sewer emanations. Water-closets

without means of flushing. Accumulation of house refuse. Overcrowding.

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In 1874, at Chippenham (Wilts). Typhoid epidemic." Water supply inadequate and polluted. Numerous and very offensive cesspits. Sewers and drains leaky. Refuse heaps and pig-sties near to dwellings.

In 1874, at Godalming. Wells close to cesspools.

lations.

In 1874, at Truro.

"Constant prevalence of enteric fever." Imperfect sewerage. Excremental accumu

"Outbreak of typhoid." Entrance of foul air

from sewers into dwellings. Water supply exposed to pollution. Defective sewerage. Insufficient privy accommodation and scaven

ging. Trade and pig-sty nuisances.

In 1875, at Chatteris (Cambridge). "High rate of mortality from fever." Privy pits in a porous soil and not water tight. Wells often close to privy pits, from which there is soakage into soil.

Insuf

In 1874, at Auckland (Durham). "Extensive prevalence of enteric fever." Polluted water. Imperfect sewerage and drainage. ficient privy accommodation. Filth nuisances. Overcrowding. In 1874, at Bourton-on-the-Water (Gloucester). Polluted water supply. Defective drainage. Privy nuisances.

In 1874, at Lewes (Sussex). Large epidemic of typhoid; due in first instance to pollution of town water supply by water drawn from the Ouse, which receives the town sewage, and spread by suction of polluting matter into the water pipes of an intermittent water service.

In 1874, at Over-Darwen (Lancashire). Large typhoid epidemic. Public water supply polluted by soakage and drain, into which excreta from enteric fever patient had passed, and in various other ways. River extensively polluted. Houses polluted by soakage from privies and cesspools. Gross neglect of scavenging. Accumulations of excrement. Sewerage system defective.

In 1874, at Lower Gornal (Staffordshire), 700 infected; 39 deaths "Severe outbreak of enteric fever." Absence of drainage. Accumulations of excrement. Foul privies and surface nuisances everywhere. Polluted wells, with sewage containing the specific contagium and excremental matter. Unwholesome cottages.

In 1875, at Croyden (parish of), 1,200 infected; 90 deaths. Escape of infected air from sewers, and its inhalation by persons susceptible of the disease. The air of sewers was " laid on" to houses. No evidence of the well water having been a vehicle of infection. Opportunities exist for the passage of infection from sewers into small

confined cisterns and water pipes, but water pollution played a much less considerable part than sewer air infection in this epidemic.

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In 1875, at Northampton Lunatic Asylum. •Extensive outbreak of typhoid." Its extension due apparently to the defective state of the drains of the asylum.

In 1875, at Royton (Lancashire). System of sewerage defective. Privies dilapidated and overfull. Soil and air polluted by overflowing cesspools. No system of scavenging. Enormous masses of excrement deposited in the neighborhood by the Carbon Fertilizing Company. Overcrowding.

In 1876, at Chalvey (Bucks). Cesspools and wells intermingle in porous soil. Hand-flushed closets, sinks, and stop-drains in connection with cesspools. Excremental fouling of air, earth, and water.

In 1876, at Eagley and Bolton. Simultaneous outbursts of enteric fever in Eagley and Bolton, in connection with the milk service of a particular dairy. Dairy water obtained from a brook, the course and banks of which had recently been largely fouled by human excrement. Sewerage, drainage, and water supply arrangements deficient.

In 1876, at Great Coggeshall (Essex). Epidemic of typhoid spread in first instance through the agency of an infected milk supply, and subsequently through the generally defective sanitary arrangements of the town.

In 1876, at Llanelly (Brecon). "Continued prevalence of typhoid. Epidemic of typhoid at Darenvellin." Insufficient privy accommodation. Absence of sewerage and drainage. Accumulation of refuse near dwellings. Water supplies generally exposed to contamination. Unwholesome method of excrement removal.

In 1876, at Royston Rural Sanitary Dist. "Large mortality from enteric fever." Water supply in many villages very deficient and very foul. Ill-constructed and ill-managed closets. Sewerage and drainage, when present, sources of nuisance. Dwelling accommodation dilapidated and filthy.

“Outbreak of typhoid."

In 1876, at Tideswell (Derbyshire). Spread of disease favored by conditions in an intermitting water surface allowing suction of foul air into water pipes. Sewerage defective. Closet accommodation insufficient and a nuisance.

In 1877 (1873-77), at Ascot, 69 infected; 2 deaths. Epidemic of enteric fever lasting, with occasional intermissions, for four and one half years. Found to have invaded, almost exclusively, families supplied with milk from one particular dairy farm, and to have spread mainly by the use of that milk. Drainage arrangements at dairy bad.

Water used for cleaning milk cans, and for other dairy purposes, inevitably polluted by emanations from drains, which also polluted the atmosphere of the dairy. Well water contaminated from cesspools, privies, dung-heap, etc. Specific infection of milk was also possible.

In 1877, at Bedale (Yorks). Outbreak of enteric fever following importation to the town of a case of that disease. Wells generally liable to pollution. Nuisances from midden privies, and from keeping of animals. Deficient drainage.

In 1877, at Bradford (Wilts). Epidemic due to use of water subject to constant risk of excremental pollution. Nuisance from common privies. Absence of means of drainage in one part of the town.

In 1877, at Padstow (Cornwall). Specifically infected sewer air. Excremental accumulation and defective arrangements for its removal. Insufficient water supply, and wells exposed to contamination. Dwellings dilapidated and unwholesome. Sewers insufficiently ventilated.

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In 1878, at Dewsbury District. Epidemic of typhoid in first quarter of 1877." Midden privies a source of great nuisance. Urine stored about houses for trade purposes. Water supply subject to pollution; supply intermittent and liable to be fouled by suction of filth into mains. Sewerage and drainage deficient. some cases from polluted wells.

Water supply in

"Extensive epiSewerage deDisposal of

In 1878, at Gomersal (in Dewsbury District). demic of typhoid in 1873." Wells liable to pollution. fective. Foul air passing from sewers into houses. excrement and refuse very faulty.

"Large mortality

In 1878, at Thornhill (in Dewsbury District). from typhoid." Defective and polluted water supply. drainage facilitating escape of foul air into dwellings. from excrement disposal.

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Sewerage and Grave nuisance

In 1878, at Soothill-Nether. Very large mortality from typhoid." Causes as described under " Thornhill."

In 1879, at Chichester. "Outbreak of enteric fever." Due to infected milk (no contamination traced unless it were in the use of water taken from polluted stream for washing the cow's udders). Drainage mostly into cesspools, often very near drinking-wells. Branch of stream receiving sewage foul and stagnant.

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In 1879, at Newquay (Cornwall). Serious outbreak of typhoid." Faults of drainage. Use of well water polluted with sewage. alence of nuisances.

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