of Suggestion," "Psycho-pathological Researches," "Multiple Personality."- Methods of hypnotizing. — Physical means not essential but useful. Patient should be told what to expect. — Narcotics and anesthetics. - Susceptibility, almost universal. Well-balanced individuals best subjects. - Hysterical and weak-willed difficult. Hypnotism a physiological function PAGE 66-80 Hypnosis. Phenomena. — Classification, difficult and some- 81-95 CHAPTER VII HYPNOSIS-THEORIES What is hypnotism? — Theories.— 1766, Mesmer, animal magnetism. Influence of heavenly bodies. - 1851, Professor Gregory, "Animal Magnetism.". Influence of inanimate bodies. CONTENTS - Confirms Reichenbach's odylic force. - Operator's will sufficient to control subject. — Defends phrenology, but suggestion will produce same results.— 1843-55, Braid, three distinct theories: (1) Physical theory, "hypnotism" manipulation of cranium produces characteristic phenomena; (2) Substitute monoideism for hypnotism, preconceptions of subject, dominant ideas, suggested by operator, magnets, metals, and sealed medicines, inert except as vehicles of suggestion; (3) Double consciousness. Modern theories. Charcot, Salpêtrière, the discordant note. Responsible for modern prejudices. Bernheim, suggestion, the all-sufficiency of. — Sidis, laws of suggestibility. — Myers, subliminal consciousness. Volition, subject not unconscious. Supra-normal: clairvoyance, clairaudience, prevision, telepathy, the problem of personality xiii PAGE 96-107 CHAPTER VIII PSYCHOTHERAPEUTICS Psychotherapeutics. — Definition of therapeutics. — Drugs, surgery, orthopedics, electricity, mechanotherapy, refraction, hydrotherapy, massage, in all a physical element. Psychotherapeutics, elimination of the physical agent. Man a suggestible animal. - Historical: "Thy faith hath made thee whole; " royal touch; shrines; prayer cure; Christian Science; "mental healing;" Whipple, New York; Newcomb, Boston. — Claim everything, but refuse to substantiate. Silent treatments, accord with Sidis' law. Indirect suggestions, accord with Sidis' law. — Bernheim, a-hypnotic suggestion. — Hypnosis necessary to overcome auto-suggestions. - Method of giving treatSphere of psychotherapeutics: subconscious memory of pain, hallucinations, insomnia, neuralgia, constipation. - Drug habit and degeneracy, Quackenboss. nervous diseases. · Organic disease? ments. Dubois : Anderson's "muscle bed."-Thinking out an exercise. - An adjunct to general medicine CHAPTER IX PSYCHIC ELEMENT IN MEDICINE The psychic element in the practise of medicine. — The personality of the physician. - Genuine good - will. Healthful suggestions. — Suggestions adverse to health. — Diet.— Suggestion present in all forms of therapeutics: in surgery, in refraction, in electrotherapy, in massage, in materia medica. — The hidden suggestion. - Popular belief in efficacy of drugs. "Post hoc ergo propter hoc.". "It cured me." PAGE - Profession not given to critical analysis. Responsible for erroneous theories.. Shattuck: "Some of our patients get well." Flint's law, the natural history of disease. - Percy: eight therapeutic influences: (a) Natural history of the morbid processes; (b) The recuperative energies of the organism; (c) The favorable agencies of hygiene; (d) The power of personal magnetism, in the practitioner; (e) Suggestion and auto-suggestion ; (ƒ) Faith; (g) Courage; (h) Drugs. Attempt to eliminate suggestion from drug pathogenesis. The reproving by the Am. Hom. O. O. and L. Soc. - The placebo, a vehicle of suggestion. 125-136 CRSITY SAL FOR Psychology Applied to Medicine CHAPTER I SUMMARY Books recommended: James, "Psychology," Henry Holt; Donaldson, "Growth of Brain," Scribners; Sandford, "Experimental Psychology," Heath; Waldstein, "The Subconscious Self," Scribners; Bramwell, "Hypnotism," Lippincott; Sidis, "Psychology of Suggestion," Appleton; Sidis, " Multiple Personalities," Appleton. Modern psychology is becoming an important branch of medicine, because it is recognized that "no mental modification ever occurs which is not accompanied or followed by bodily change." -Cerebration is accompanied by a temporary association and grouping of nerve cells, but thought is not a physical matter. - · Development of nervous system a part of organic evolution.— Psychic missing links. Instincts, common to man and beast. Man alone possesses reason. "No action but such as shows a choice of means can be called indubitable expression of mind.”— Recepts and concepts. Man has three sets of impulses : (1) Congenital reflexes, (2) acquired reflexes, (3) reason. PROFESSOR LADD has defined psychology as the science which describes and explains the phenomena of consciousness." While abstruse logic and cosmic philosophy are still legitimate departments of the subject, the new psychology is not strictly metaphysics, it is a physiological psychology, in fact a mental physiology. The very word experimental, as applied to the subject, suggests appliances and individual research quite beyond the scope of logic. It is a recognition of the law laid down by Professor James, that "no mental modification ever occurs which is not accompanied or followed by a bodily change," which renders it imperative that a physician should be well grounded in the fundamental truths of psychology. The comprehensiveness of the subject is overwhelming. The present essay is an attempt to present only a few well-recognized facts which bear directly on the subjects of physiology and hygiene. It may be well at the outset to have a clear idea of our limitations. The old controversy between the spiritualist and the materialist is perhaps not yet ended, but there has been a decided reaction from the ultramaterialism of fifty years ago. The attempt to identify thought and molecular motion has few defenders to-day. It used formerly to be said by this class of thinkers: "The brain secretes thought as the liver secretes bile." This is a distressing confusion of two distinct realms in nature, -the psychical and the physical. Recent developments in neurology have thrown much light on the phenomena of brain activity. Cerebration is now thought to be accompanied by a |