Lengths vary from 1" to 6" (2d to 60d) In specifying or ordering common nails or brads the "penny" system is used. The letter "d" is used to indicate "penny" For example 4d signifies 4 "penny" To determine the "penny" size of nails or brads to use, multiply the thickness of the board holding the head of the nail by 8 and add 1-1/2 to the result For example, when nailing through a 9/16" board, it is suggested that a 6d nail be used (9/16 x 8=4-1/2 4-1/2 1-1/2=6) To determine the length in inches of common nails or brads for a given "penny" (d) size, up to and including 10d. divide the "penny" size by 4. and add 1/2. For example a 5d nail measures 1-3/4". (5/4 + 1/2-1-3/4) WOOD SCREWS FLAT HEAD ROUND HEAD Lengths vary from 1/4" to 6" 1/4" to 1" lengths increase by 1/8" 1" to 3" lengths increase by 1/4" 3" to 5" lengths increase by 1/2" OVAL HEAD COOPERAGE WOODEN BARRELS One of the first containers fashioned by man from the timber of the tree was the wooden barrel. The sides of the barrel are known as staves. These staves were hollowed from parts of the tree and jointed at the edges with a knife; together they made a complete circle. The staves were held together on the outside by hoops; the heads (top and bottom pieces) were rounded and fitted into the croze or groove of the staves. The completed result was called a barrel. In the trade barrels are known as "tight" and "slack." Tight barrels are water-tight, holding liquids like oil, chemicals, kerosene, etc. Slack barrels are not water-tight. They are made to carry apples, potatoes, lime, and the like. Wire-hoop slack barrel Wood-hoop slack barrel Cooperage hamper Because tight barrels have a high resale value, very few, if any, are available without cost. However, even though slack barrels also have a resale value, a great many may be collected from stores, dismantled, and made into other highly useful articles-bird houses, dog houses, chicken coops, fences, playhouses, old style hammocks, sled runners, flower tubs, skis, shingles for roofs of playhouses, sunroom furniture, etc. The best method of dismantling a barrel is to knock off the hoops with a hammer, or, if there are any nails or fasteners, to extract them, and the whole barrel collapses. If it is desired to take out only one head, simply remove the top head, and if necessary, replace the hoops, which will hold the staves together. Secondhand fruit and vegetable packages are so readily available and of such desirable shape that they are always in demand for home and camp use. Wooden containers used for shipping these commodities may be separated into four classes; namely, baskets, crates, boxes, and barrels. Among the most common types of fruit and vegetable packages now in use, are the 6-basket crate, bushel basket, and slatted onion crate shown above, and the orange box so familiar to everyone. Orange boxes.-Two orange boxes are in common use the Florida box and the California box. The main difference between the two boxes is in the ends. In the Florida box the ends and center partition are built up by nailing thin veneer to four head sticks. Solid pieces are used for the California box ends and center partition. Six-basket crate.-The crate illustrated above measures 10% by 11 by 24 inches; 16 by 14-inch material is used in the sticks forming the ends; 6-inch veneer is used in the sides, top, and ends. Bushel basket. The bushel basket above is only one of many types of fruit and vegetable baskets. The wire handles on the basket make it especially useful for carrying things. Slatted onion crate. The bushel crate measures 1116 by 12% by 2011 inches. It is constructed of 1⁄2 by 15/16 inch hardwood slats held together with No. 12 gage wire. Directions for making handy camp stools from such crates are given in this booklet. PLYWOOD BOXES MAKE USEFUL ARTICLES Plywood boxes are made up of six panels, which form the ends, sides, top, and bottom. These panels are constructed by nailing sheets of plywood to cleats. Plywood used in box construction generally consists of three plies or sheets of lumber glued together. As the grain of the middle ply is placed at right angles to the outside plies, the plywood will not split. It provides excellent material for scroll-saw work, and for the construction of many of the articles illustrated in this booklet. -SAW HERE FIGURE 1.-Plywood box FIGURE 2.-Method of dismantling plywood bar panel Thickness of plywood used in box construction varies from 2 to 4 inch. Cross sections of cleats range from % by 1% inches to 116 by 2 inches. In order to remove the top from plywood boxes without damaging the panels, all nails holding the top to the sides and ends should be pulled. Nail pullers will be found useful in removing these nails. After the top is removed it is quite simple to knock the sides and bottom loose from the ends. A panel may be dismantled by sawing, as shown in Figure 2, or if desired, by carefully withdrawing the staples holding the cleats to the plywood. The panels may be used for ends and backs of furniture, and many uses can be found for the container intact. NAILED WOODEN BOXES PPROXIMATELY one billion nailed wooden boxes are man A ufactured each year in the United States enough to distribute eight wooden boxes to each person in the country. These boxes are still in good condition after they have been used, because they are built scientifically to be strong enough to deliver the goods packed in them without damage. It is wasteful to destroy used wooden boxes. There is good material in them for making the many useful articles described in this booklet, if one is careful not to split the boards when taking the boxes apart. More than 15 per cent of all the timber cut annually in this country is made up in wooden boxes and crates; and yet, the manufacture of these shipping containers aids materially in the conservation of our forest resources. The nailed wooden box and crate industry utilizes the lower grades of lumber which are unavoid not all wasted. Some of it is made into sawdust and shavings for commercial use. Some of it is sold for kindling wood, and some box manufacturers use it as fuel to supply power for their own plants. In other words, a nailed wooden box manufacturer wastes no more of his lumber than a 10-year-old boy does of a stick of candy. The further utilization of the lumber in used wooden boxes in making useful articles is carrying the work of conserving our forests and utilizing forest products to an unusually high degree. There are seven different styles of wooden boxes, the use of which has become so customary that they may be considered standard types. Style 1 is without cleats and is employed chiefly for small boxes with light contents. Style 2 has double-cleated ends and is particularly adapted for large boxes with heavy contents. The cleats and the double nailing of sides, top able by-products to the manufacture of construction and factory lumber. Much of it would be waste material if it could not be utilized in the manufacture of nailed wooden boxes and crates. Since this lumber is of the lower grades with knots and blemishes in it, the box manufacturer is confronted with the problem of producing from it strong and efficient shipping containers that will protect merchandise in transit and carry it to the market in good, salable condition. He does this by cutting out the bad knots and blemishes that weaken the boards and by utilizing only the sound parts. The box manufacturers have the knack of getting every inch of usable lumber out of a board. The sawyers are given the dimensions of the pieces they are to make and can tell at a glance just how each board should be cut up to eliminate the bad parts and to leave the minimum amount of waste material. A conservative estimate of the average amount of so-called "waste" material from a box factory is approximately 15 per cent. But this is Style 5. Style 6 and bottom to both cleats and ends make this type of box unusually strong. Style 2 is similar to Style 2 except that the top and bottom cleats are set into side cleats, thus affording support when nailing. Style 3 has mitered cleats. Style 4 has single-cleated ends and is suitable for boxes of medium size and weight of contents. The sides have double rows of nailing in both cleats and ends, but the top and bottom have only a single row of nailing into the ends. Style 5 is for boxes of medium size and weight of contents. It has interior cleats and is used to advantage for such articles as round cans and those having odd shapes which do not touch the corners of the case. Sometimes the width of the cleat is nailed to the side instead of to the end, and in other instances triangular or square cleats are nailed to both ends and sides. Style 6 is a plain locked-corner box and is adapted for containers of small size and light weight of contents requiring rigidity. |