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The Library.

Essays in Philosophy. By James Ward. (Cambridge University Press. 16s.).

late 'eighties

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THE Cambridgigniew the Mental centur Moral

Sciences at a moment of striking development, with Sidgwick carrying dialectical subtlety to "the nth," Ward laying securely the foundations of the English School of Psychology, and Stout wielding an intenser influence than was perhaps suspected at the time, on the handful of men and women whose bent was towards mental and moral philosophy.

Of the twelve Essays, six deal with the method, progress, problems, and present trend of philosophy. Two discuss Kant and Einstein, and two more are alloted to Mechanism and Morals,' and 'Heredity and Memory.' The remaining two, the first, and the last, both treating of Faith,' show, as Professors Sorley and Stout remark, the continuity of the author's thought.'

Though Ward's greatest contribution may have been, as some certainly thought, made in psychology, yet his wide survey of philosophy, together with his accurate knowledge of some of the physical sciences, gave him the peculiar power not won by narrower, if deeper, specialisation. His resolute checking of theory by actual fact, so conspicuous in all his psychological work, gave to his metaphysics a firm and most welcome bottom," in Locke's sense. He went further, he declared that philosophy is the ultimate basis of knowledge, including that of the positive sciences :

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Listening to contemporary detractors of philosophy, one might suppose that the sciences had accomplished their own emancipation, while philosophy alone remains befooled by empty but imposing conceits. The truth is rather that all the emancipation the sciences can claim was wrought for them by philosophy; wrought not by those who were the representatives of the modern savant, but by men who in those days would be stigmatized as genuine metaphysicians.'

His thesis that the claim of the humanities is not only equal to but greater than that of the positive sciences, he proceeds, instantiate on the Progress of Philosophy, to with historical data, and to illumine with his "Who grave, sly wit: can say what philosophical truth is to be set off as equal in importance with the law of gravity, or how many scientific theories can outweigh Kant's formulation or solution of the question, How are synthetic propositions a priori intelligible? In these days of universal examinations, no doubt still stranger comparisons are made, when, e.g. A, who writes a sonnet, is adjudged equally deserving of a fellowship with B, who has ascertained all the primes between 19,000,000 and 20,000,000 or with C, who has discovered that in the tadpole's economy there is a special class of cells for the absorption of the tail as soon as that juvenile appendage is done with ?"

Again, his plea that all knowledge is finally a venture of faith springs from this same habit of looking all facts and theories straight in the face: No doubt with perfect knowledge all this would be otherwise, but the point is that with such knowledge as ours the maxim holds nothing venture, nothing have. We trust and try first and understand after, till at length we are almost at one with Anselm's Credo ut intelligam."

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Allied to Ward's appreciation of "factualness was his accuracy in the use of words :To talk of conscious automata, as Huxley does, is sheer nonsense," he writes bluntly in his essay on Faith. Yet how much of this nonsense passes current as genuine truth, as, e.g. when Marcel Hébert, unable to believe in a personal God, fell back on some énergie spirituelle, a phrase which, apart from some sort of personality, has no sense. The view, whose core is expressed in Ward's declaration that" intellect is neither the only nor the highest of human faculties" adumbrated in his early essay, read in 1879 to the Cambridge "Apostles," and worked out in his last one, read in 1924 to the Cambridge Theological Society, was the proper antidote to the somewhat desiccated rationalism which Sidgwick expounded with his most brilliant relentlessness. The idea, however, in the intervening years was slumbering, slowly working itself out in Ward's mind, and was not plainly apparent to his little band of students. A short notice cannot deal adequately with the harvest, long in garnering, of a great mind's meditations on ultimate issues. But enough has perhaps been said to indicate how pertinent is Ward's thought to present-day wants.

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His younger daughter has prefixed a Memoir, sketching ably Ward's intellectual and spiritual growth in youth and early manhood. Yet excellent as this account is, something further remains to be told. We are all variously sided creatures; a teacher like Ward is one man in his own circle, another in his classroom at Trinity, and yet another in friendly converse with some congenial student. A short sketch of him in the latter aspects by one of those to whom he taught more than they can ever tell, would have helped to complete the picture.

The Cambridge Ancient History, First Volume of Plates. Prefaced by C. T. Seltman. (Cambridge University Press. £1 5s. net.). E have waited long for the first volume of

contains illustrations to the first four volumes of the History and consists of half-tone plates with brief explanatory letter press opposite to each. It is therefore in a sense self-contained apart from the volume to which it is complementary, and it makes a delightful and inexpensive picture-book. It rightly contains many old favourites, but it has also some things of astonishing beauty which are less wellknown; for instance, the lovely Minoan marble statuette which forms the frontispiece. That throughout the reproduction quite comes up to the exacting standard set by Rostovtzeff and

the Oxford Press could not perhaps be claimed. The comparison, for instance, of the reproduction of the stele of Naram-Sin with that in Rostovtzeff, History of the Ancient World,' i, Plate iii is all in favour of Oxford. Some of the Egyptian illustrations are from strangely inferior photographs; surely there exist better photographs than Dr. Hall's snapshot of the famous Gate-tower of Medinet Habu. The top margin of the Plate facing, p. 126 is badly arranged; the upper picture should be set lower and the lower should be set straight with it. Some of the smaller objects, seal stones, for example, are reproduced upon too small a scale, a serious matter where the half-tone process, which does not allow of the use of the magnifying glass, is the medium employed. But it is much easier to criticise the result than to carry out the laborious and difficult task of preparing a volume of this kind. Calendar of State Papers relating to English Affairs. Preserved principally at Rome, in the Vatican Archives and Library. Vol. II. Elizabeth, 1572-1578. Edited by J. M. Rigg. (H.M. Stationery Office. £1 10s.). THE 'seventies of the sixteenth century were comparatively uneventful for England, and the chief English interest of this volume concerns foreign relations. Mr. Rigg's Preface traces the course of European affairs point by point, from the massacre of St. Bartholomew to Don John's last letter to Doria written, a fortnight before his death, from the Camp near Namur. For the careers of Stucley and Fitzgerald here is much that will be found useful, especially under the guidance of Mr. Rigg's admirable summary concerning them. The most interesting questions directly affecting England are that of a possible match for Elizabeth, and that of the fate of Mary, Queen of Scots. We may trace in these pages the cooling of zeal for Mary's deliverance and of the hope to use her cause for the cause of Catholicism; and may see, too, the progress and dying down of attempts to get possession of the person of her son. It was reckoned that if Rome would provide 10,000 or 15,000 crowns (largely for purposes of bribery) James might be abducted from Scotland and brought up in a Catholic country. However, Rome could not see her way to bearing this expense, and the scheme was therefore abandoned. The Vatican Archives contain a copy of a declaration made by Bothwell, who then believed himself to be at the point of death, exonerating Mary from any share in Darnley's murder, and confessing that he had laboured to gain her love by "enchantments." Mr. Rigg is inclined to think that a declaration substantially identical may actually have been made, and not withdrawn by Bothwell upon his recovery. Mary had heard of some such thing, and had made enquiries about it. There are no documents here of any particular literary merit, or picturesqueness, but, the reader for whom the sixteenth century is the century of predilection

Printed and Published by the Bucks Free

will, of course, gather a good deal in many directions to add to his stores of curious knowledge.

The July Quarterly sets out with Lord Sydenham's paper about Mr. Churchill as a Historian. He praises strongly the vigour of Mr. Churchill's descriptions, but criticises both his analyses of cause and effect; and his judgment of military and political leaders. Next Mr. Sidney Dark discusses the Religion of America, in a lively article which lays stress, among other things, upon the deepgoing unlikeness between that country and England. We greatly enjoyed Mr. J. J. Bell's The Great Ones of the Sea, constructed round a handful of books on whaling, of which two: Pursuing the Whale' by John A. Cook, and From the Deep of the Sea' (the diary of a surgeon of a whaleship) are particularly attractive. In Machiavelli and the Present

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Time,' Prof. Harold J. Laski urges the importance of rejecting that gospel of death which Machiavelli preached, and which is being Prof. Carleton W. Stanley's account of Greek science presented to the world anew to-day.

seeks to correct the too low and limited views

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commonly held about the achievements of the Greeks here, accusing these views even of being fantastic. This is one of the most striking articles in the number. The Personality of Edmund Spenser by Mr. C. E. Lawrence very sympathetic but discriminating study) Mr. E. Beresford Chancellor's The Thames (which avers that the Thames has never yet had full justice done to its charm and mystery); and Mr. Willson Disher's The Circus Dickens knew (a delightful sketch full of detail which has its centre in Ducrow) will assuredly find appreciative readers. A little beyond our scope but yet we must mention it

·

is Prof. J. Arthur Thomson's important and absorbing discussion of Animal Behaviour. Sir John Marriott contributes in memoriam an appreciation of George Canning, the centenary of whose death falls on Aug. 8. The two remaining papers are School Mathematics: A Plea,' by Mr. C. H. P. Mayo, who desires restriction in the amount of mathematics taught in schools; and Signor Luigi Villari's paper on the Problem of Disarmament. This number of the Quarterly is among the best of recent years.

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ring to the BENTHALL FAMILY OF SHROPSHIRE? Certain Saxon Deeds without date were sold when Mr. Francis Benthall died in 1903, and were bought by Mr. Boone. It is believed Mr. Boone is dead and his Collection of Deeds dispersed. If anyone having any of his Deeds relating to the Three Saxon Thains Elmer, Elmund and Alward, who founded the Benthall Family, or to any of the early Benthalls mentioned in Lants' Pedigree of 1599, will communicate with Box No. 238, Notes & Queries," they will be conferring the greatest assistance to the Heralds College and the Family. The enquirer will be prepared to help with any expense connected with allowing the Heralds College to see the Deeds in question. The Examiners must see these Deeds before the earlier part of the Family Pedigree can be registered.

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AUTOGRAPHS for SALE.

Barly printed Works, Standard Authors, First Editions, &c. Catalogues free. Books and autographs wanted for cash. Lists free. Reginald Atkinson, 188, Peckham Rye, London, S.E.22.

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IN

SIXPENCE.

THE BOOK OF JOB.

46

response to the recent discussions expressing uncertainty as to the History of the Book of Job, the following extracts, taken from the Bible, will be of interest to There the inquirers. was a Man in the Land of Hus whose name was Job." This Book takes its name from the holy man of whom it treats, who according to the more probable opinion was of the race of Esau and the same as Jobab, King of Edom, mentioned in Genesis xxxvi. 33. It is uncertain who was the writer of it. Some attribute it to Job himself, others to Moses, or some one of the Prophets. In the Hebrew it is written in verse, from the beginning of the third chapter to the forty-second chapter.

BOOK OF JOB.

C. I. 1, Hus.-The Land of Hus was a part of Edom, as appears from Lamen. Jeremias, C. IV. 21. Book of Job. See note.

Jobab, King of Edom, in the Land of Seir, Mount Seir, was a descendant of Esau, the father of the Edomites in Mount Seir, son of Isaac. He was one of the kings that ruled in the Land of Edom before the Children of Israel had a king.-Book of Genesis, xxxvi. 33.

Job, either of the race of Nachor, or as seemeth more probable of Esau, lived at the same time in which the Children of Israel were oppressed with servitude in Egypt. Job wrote the History of his affliction in the Arabian tongue, which Moses translated into Hebrew.-See An Historical & Chronological Index to the Old Testament.' HISTORY STUDENT.

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July-Dec., 1925) are now available and may be obtained from "NOTES AND QUERIES," 20, High Street, High Wycombe, Bucks, England, direct or through local bookbinders. The Cases are also on sale at 22, Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2.

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Visitors to London are invited to The Piccadilly Auction Rooms (Calder House) to inspect the display of ancient Silver, Jewels and Antiques collected from the Ancestral Homes of England. To obtain the full value of your treasures, employ the Auctioneer with expert knowledge of values, and one who studies the customer's interest before his own personal gain. Although it may seem paradoxical, it is nevertheless a fact, that if you wished to buy you could not do better than attend my rooms or instruct me to purchase on your behalf. It is simply a case of one person buying what another wishes to sell that enables me to perform a double service to the advantage of both buyer and seller.

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I have a fleet of motor cars and staff of experts constantly touring the country visiting the homes of the hard-pressed fixed income classes, who are compelled to part with their treasures in order to meet the everincreasing demands of the tax collector. For 21s. two of my representa

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THIS WEEK:

Old Signs in the Strand
Monox of Bristol
Crashaw's Poems

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Memorabilia.

LOOKING through the interesting June number of the Quarterly Journal of the New York Historical Association we were much entertained by a paper about Discoveries made in the British Camps of the time of the American Revolution. The first idea that remains existed arose from the unearthing of the few bits of British army equipment on Manhattan Island in 1890. These were principally buttons (with regimental badges) and refuse and, in particular, barrel hoops; but the study of them and of finds and Fort St. George led on to the regular exploration of British camps, of which half-a-dozen during the past thirty years have been located and searched, within the city limits of New York. Thus, by prodding with a steel sounding-rod the hillside between Seaman Avenue and Payson Avenue, sixty-four sites of dug-out huts were the contents were wine-glasses thought to discovered, which were then excavated. Amid have been broken after the toast King; firetongs made of barrel-hoops, and pokers of bayonets; the candlestick which lighted the last merry night in camp, and the silver button of an officer. named Camp 17 because of the frequency of objects belonging to the 17th regiment; but many others occupied it at different times, and with the 40th regiment there, there were also thirty-one women and twenty children. Their presence accounts for the appearance of slate-pencils, marbles, little pewter cups and saucers and a tiny silver thimble. The soldiers smoked white clay pipes bearing the initials "W. G." and

of the

This was

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