The Library. The Place-names of Worcestershire. By A. Mawer and F. M. Stenton, in collaboration with F. T. S. Houghton. (Cambridge University Press. £1 net). The fourth volume of the great enterprise of the English Place-name Society now in progress, this study of Worcestershire place-names is the toughest piece of work yet brought to completion in it. Worcestershire is a tract which fell comparatively late into English hands, and accordingly pre-English elements have held their own in its nomenclature. From this, or other, cause the unsolved problems are relatively numerous, perhaps to be illumined later on by light from other counties, especially those of the Welsh border. Some interesting questions have their centre in the folk-name Hwicce. Our authors argue that it is ancientfor personal names were formed from it at a remote time; and also of importance, for it is not likely that personal names in distant parts of the country would be taken from an obscure folk-name. We may think in this connection of Francis, now so well established as a personal name. Both tradition and the nature of the country favour the opinion that the English who first invaded Worcestershire came from the south. The introduction sets out with admirable clearness the evidence on this point, and that for the later movement into the Severn valley of the Anglians from the north. In this connexion the curious place-name Phepson, and the stream-name Whitsun Brook (the one recorded in Bede, the other in the Tribal Hidage) are of interest and importance. The search for Saxon names of high antiquity to prove the original Saxon settlement has yielded only one certain example, the personal name Ceatwe, found in an old form of Chaceley, but the cumulative effect of a series of later names associated with the West Saxons is, as our authors point out, considerable. Besides testimony to the population of Worcestershire having been a mingling of Anglians and Saxons these place-names make some significant contributions to the study of English personal names, especially as enlarging our knowledge about the suffixes used. The Scandinavian element has left but slight trace in the nomenclature. We observed with satisfaction that our authors are inclined to think that too little allowance has been made for the deliberate creation of artificial names. Instances in this county, where they are somewhat unusually frequent, are Helpridge-which Professor Ekwall suggests may be a playful application of the name Helperic (i.e. helpful) to a particularly rich brine-pit; and Mathon, which may mean "treasure." A word must be said about the material on which this volume is based. Of very high interest it consists largely of old English documents, among which, above all, is the late eleventh-century cartulary of Worcester Cathedral, which Heming compiled at Bishop Wulfstan's command; and then, for Norman times, the forged cartularies of Evesham, which, otherwise untrustworthy, at any rate supply early forms of place-names. The thirteenth century cartulary of Worcester Cathedral, the continuation of Heming, which is still unedited, has been made available for the purposes of this book. 16 brine Under the first section, Road-names,' we find a very useful and detailed article or the Saltways, showing not only the two main roads out of Droitwich by which the salt was taken south to Gloucester and eastwards to Stratfordon-Avon, but likewise seventeen other tracks used in the salt carrying. Under Droitwich it is pointed out that the combination of sealt with wic precludes taking wic to mean pit." Among names which throw light on old organization Sevenhampton deserves notice; our authors show that in Old English law seven was an important number. Thus up to the number of seven thieves are counted as individuals; from seven to thirty-five they count as a band. If eight men are slain, an agreement between Kings has it, that is a breach of peace between them, an act of war. A thegn with seven manors or more pays eight pounds as relief, and pays it to the King, not to the sheriff. So it may be, our authors suggest, that Sevenhampton, a village of seven homesteads, was assessed far more heavily to public burdens than a village of six. An instance showing substitution of a distinct but unfounded idea for the original meaning of the name is found in Cinders Wood and Mill, which in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are called Sundre and Sondre "-with the meaning apart." Under Churchill' we have an important discussion of the derivation of this name, which is difficult both on etymological and topographical grounds and would seem to contain confusion between the O.E. word for "church" and the British word (taken over by the English) for "barrow." 66 " وو For Malvern we are to accept Professor Ekwall's suggestion of moel, "bare" and bryn 'hill "-Welsh words, and a footnote gives us William of Malmesbury's amusing etymology: Malvernense monasterium quod mihi per antifrasin videtur sortitum esse vocabulum. Non enim ibi male, sed bene et pulcherrime religio vernat." A few cases will be observed where words are taken back to a date earlier than any previously known-thus tag (Tagwell Lane) for sheep," hitherto considered only modern dialect, may, by this name, be placed in the fifteenth century, and Shut Mill, for which the first date is 1295, takes the use of 'shoot" to denote a rush of water to three hundred years before the first instance in the N.E.D. In notes on the distribution of elements it is remarked that the intensive study of place-names, both here and in countries previously worked over, brings out the fact that "brook " was applied to something definitely smaller than what is known as a "burn." We have passed over many names of equal interest with those mentioned, or greater a short review giving insufficient space to deal with them. But perhaps enough has been put before our readers to show that this new volume of the Place-name Society is the most valuable yet produced of those which deal with the counties. The Cambridge Reinaert Fragments. Edited with an Introduction and Bibliography by Karl Breul. (Cambridge University Press. 7s. 6d. net). FROM the old French poem of the Court of the Lion to Goethe's Reinecke Fuchsabout six hundred years-nearly every century, the seventeenth perhaps excepted, found some new version made of this amusing beast epic. Cambridge possesses seven leaves which give us a small portion of the version printed by Hinrek van Alckmer in the late fifteenth cen tury. In descent this comes from the old French poem through Reinaert,' an Old Flemish poem by two authors in the early thirteenth century, and Reinaert's Historie, made by an unknown Flemish poet in the following century. This latter was revised and, it would seem, slightly added to by Hinrek van Alckmer, by whom it was produced in print for the first time. The seven leaves were discovered and bought in Paris by Senator F. G. H. Culemann of Hanover, and acquired for the Cambridge University Library by Henry Bradshaw, then Librarian at a sale of the Culemann Collection in 1870. They have been reprinted five times, best, till now, in Fredrich Prien's edition of Reinke de vos of 1887. The volume before us gives us on opposite pages a photographic reproduction of the fragments and a literal transcription, followed by an amended text with parallels from Reinaert (II) and Reinke,' the well-known nearly_contemporary low German translation. From Reinke come both Gottsched's prose and Goethe's hexameters, and the main significance of these fragments is the position of this text, made clear by the parallels as immediate basis of Reinke.' The reproduction and the printing combine worthily with the editor's authoritative scholarship to make а most instructive and attractive volume, in which the wood-cuts furnish most amusing diversion from the severer aspects of Reinaert.' ་ THE Rev. Arthur Wentworth Hamilton Eaton, D.C.L., of 23, Pinckney Street, Boston, Massachusetts, is anxious to know the exact name and address of an English Army Officer, a member of the Hamilton family, who purposes revising Dr. John Anderson's famous folio volume on the House of Hamilton, published in 1825. Dr. Eaton has valuable information to give on the revision. BOOKSELLER'S CATALOGUE. MR. P. M. BARNARD describes principally poems, pamphlets and books of the eighteenth century in his catalogue No. 161. The careful and scholarly notes to which the readers of his catalogues are accustomed are here par ticularly good, and also particularly to the point, for he has to deal with three or four small but important collections of individual authors. Of these Pope and Swift are the best. Among the items under Pope' the 'Sober Advice from Horace to the Young Gentleman about Town' is the subject of an internard distinguishes three several issues of the esting bibliographical note, in which Mr. Barfirst edition, constituted by stop-press correc tions. He offers a set of three issues, which he calls A, B and C, and describes, in good copies unbound for £55. Under Swift we noted the Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue offered for 10. In a list of anonymous poems is one entitled On Design and Beauty,' printed in 1734 for John Roberts, of which it would appear the B.M. contains no copy, and which is interesting as containing a tribute to the genius of Swift (£5). Bound with two programmes of theatrical performances at Strawberry Hill in November, 1800 and November, 1801, is the quarto page with Horace Walpole's stanzas set at the Strawberry Hill Press to welcome Miss Mary and Miss Agnes Berry (1788: £66s.). Other good items are an uncut copy of The London Merchant's Triumphant: or Sturdy Beggars are Brave Fellows, with the engraving of a view of the Royal Exchange Fielding's Proposal for Making an Effectual as frontispiece (1733: £15); a first edition of Provision for the Poor (1753: £6 10s.); and a first edition "written by a Lady of the Countess of Winchilsea's Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions (1713: £1 10s.). وو OBITUARY: ROBERT BRIGHT MARSTON. WE share with the whole confraternity of anglers regret for the death of Mr. R. B. Marston, an occasional and welcome contributor to our columns. He recently celebrated his jubilee as editor of the Fishing Gazette; he was our great authority on Isaak Walton and the Compleat Angler,' and he likewise did good service in public matters connecto 1 with fishing, being chairman of the Thantes Angling Preservation Society, and member of the committeee which, during the Great War, connected with food suply. He himself was investigated the question of the fisheries a fine fly fisherman; and also a keen photographer; and had been in his younger days a cricketer and footballer, and a good marksman and archer. He died suddenly at his house, Surrey Lodge, Denmark Hill, on Sept. 2, at the age of 74. Of his four sons two were killed in action in France. CORRIGENDA. as Printed and Published by the Bucks Free Press, Ltd., at their Offices, High Street, Wycombe, in the County of Bucks. FIRST SERIES (1849-1855), second-hand, bound cloth. Price 30/-. SIXTH SERIES (1880-1885), SEVENTH SERIES (1885-1891), EIGHTH SERIES (1892 PUBLISHER'S BINDING CASES for VOL. 1997), NINTH SERIES (1898-1903), TENTH (Jan.-June, 1927) are now on sale, and should be ordered from NOTES AND QUERIES," 20, High Street, High Wycombe, Bucks, England, direct or through local bookbinders. The Cases are also on sale at 22, Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2. Price 3s., postage 3d. SERIES (1904-1909), in paper covers. Price 18/each; postage, 6d. ELEVENTH SERIES (1910-1915). cloth. Price 21/-; postage 6d. TWELFTH SERIES (1916-1923) cloth. Price 217-; postage 6d. Bound Bound QUERIES: Nelson's and Hardy's watch-The Engineer's Prerogative Whimsical arms of actors Eighteenth Century Ballet Masks Slaughter of Slaughter: Giffard of Chillington Saint Marie Mawdlaine, Queenhith," 225Clipping the Church-" Caccocke "-"A splendid exile" Britwell Salome-Maria Edgeworth: MS. -Monks as Traders-Doran-Gregory of Highhurst, Lancs." Sqare-wright "-Galliers surname, 226 Soldiers' nicknames Carter and Pollock, ship charterers Lagman Aucher Family-Words and tune wanted, 227. REPLIES:-Canons of Leicester Cathedral in the guise of royal chaplains, 227 John Pond, BECOME A SUBSCRIBER ΤΟ SCOTTISH NOTES AND QUERIES, EDITED BY JOHN A. HENDERSON. THIS Monthly Publication affords excellent facilities for the solving of points of difficulty in genealogical, proprietary, and antiquarian history, as well as the judicious amplifying of published data. Free specimen copy will be sent post free on application to publishers: MILNE & HUTCHISON, ABERDEEN. NOTES AND QUERIES. WANTED. THIRD SERIES.-General Index. TENTH SERIES.-Vols. i-xii and General TENTH SERIES.-Vols. i, iv, v-vi. ELEVENTH SERIES.-Vols. i, ii, vii, ix. x, TWELFTH SERIES.-Vols. i-xii. astronomer royal. 228 Bryan OLynn'-Long. THE following numbers and Volume Indices wood-The passing of Napoleon BonaparteHuguenot and Jansenist in modern times, 229Old Signs in the Strand-" Masonic signal of distress" in a murder case-Count Smorltork, 230 -- A gooseberry-pie rite Will-o'-the-wisp XVI century St Paul's-Births at midnight"All Sir Garnet "-" Hell for leather." 231Arrick-Robertson, miniaturist-Calculation of ships' tonnage-Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles Reference wanted Author wanted. 232. THE LIBRARY: The Poems and Letters of Andrew Marvell' Five Roman Emperors, Vespasian. Titus. Domitian, Nerva. Trajan, A.D. 69-117' of the British Academy, Vol. xi-The Poetry of the Age of Wordsworth An Introduction to the Reading of Shakespeare.' Proceedings of the TWELFTH SERIES or the complete volumes in which they are included: No. 2-Jan. 8, 1916 (Vol. i). Please send offers to-" NOTES & QUERIES," 20, High Street, High Wycombe, Bucks. NOTES AND QUERIES is published every Bucks (Telephone: Wycombe 306). Subscriptions (£2 2s. a year, U.S.A. $10.50, including postage, two half-yearly indexes and two cloth binding cases, or £1 15s. 4d. a year, U.S.A. $9, without binding cases) should be sent to the Manager. The London Office is at 22, Essex Street, W.C.2 (Telephone: Central 396), where the current issue is on sale. Orders for back numbers, indexes and bound volumes should be sent either to London or to Wycombe; letters for the Editor to the London Office. Friday, at 20, High Street, High Wycombe, Memorabilia. illustrations are taken, in which the striking 219 resemblance to eastern Spanish designs 223 pronounced to afford certain evidence of con232 nexion. Still more interesting is a presumption of Bushman resemblances, with all that this may imply concerning the centrality in respect of culture of the heart of the Sahara. WE imagine that none of our readers but has seen with great satisfaction the letters of Mr. Geoffrey Scott in The Times of Sept. 17 and Sept. 20, explaining what it is exactly in the way of Boswelliana which has recently been acquired by Colonel Ralph Isham, and is now laid up in his collection at New York: nothing less that the contents of that " ebony cabinet" in which Boswell kept all his papers of greatest value. Preserved for some generations at Auchinleck, the cabinet and the papers within it passed eventually by will and normal inheritance to Lord Talbot de Malahide, Boswell's greatgreat-grandson, from whose hands the papers have come into Colonel Isham's, and his pos THE new number of Antiquity-the thirdwill by no means disappoint its friends. It contains one article of more than merely archæological scope which should attract attention: Mr. R. G. Collingwood's penetrat ing and energetic criticism of the theory of historical cycles put forward by Dr. Oswald Spengler in his Untergang des Abendiandes.' Mr. Collingwood has no difficulty in riddling out of all credibility, if it ever had any, the theory that there are recurrent cycles of human history homologous with one another to the minute strictness with which the structure of a whale is homologous with that of an elephant; or in showing both that the theory is not essentially new, and that the earlier like theories of great thinkers go beyond Dr. Spengler's in profundity. Other articles are 'Prehistoric Agriculture in Britain,' illustrated with notable examples of air-photography (Mr. E.. Cecil Curwen); The Development and Antiquity of the Scottish Brochs' (Mr. Alexander O. Curle); 'Prehistoric Galilee' (Mr. F. Turville Petre); and 'Explorations in the Northern Fayum (Miss G. Caton-Thompson). The Review associates itself with the appeal for support of the excavations at Ur of the Chaldees. Among minor articles, one of especial interest is on the rock-paintings at In Ezzan in the Central Sahara. This is a spot now almost inaccessible. The cave of the paintings has been exposed to view by a fall of cliff. Quotation is made from a description by M. l'Abbé Breuil in the current number of L'Anthropologie, whence the remarkable session of them must be accounted fortunate for all students of Johnson and his times. Mr. Geoffrey Scott has been given opportunity to examine them. They comprise a rich variety of new material-a poem by Goldsmith is instanced-and an intensely vivid description" of Voltaire written by Boswell while he was staying at Ferney. This treasure is to be prepared for publication at once, and out of consideration for the expectation it has aroused, by instalments. IT is now authoritatively confirmed, the cor respondent of The Times at Rome informs his paper, that Cardinal Louis Billot, a French Jesuit who received the Red Hat from Pope Pius X in 1911, has surrendered this into the Pope's hands and has retired to a convent at Rocca di Papa. The Cardinal, who is in his 82nd year, has been desiring to take this step for some time, but withheld from doing so by pressure from authority. The resignation of a Cardinal is an unusual event; and the last such occurrence was the resignation, nearly a century ago, of Cardinal Odescalchi, Vicar-General of Pope Leo XII. LYC The YCANTHROPY, or any connection between man and beast suggesting witchcraft, has always a weird fascination. Morning Post of Sept. 21 prints from the pen of Mr. L. K. Robinson, member of the Legislative Assembly for the Victoria District in the Parliament of South Rhodesia, a curious story of this sort. A certain native, member of a compound with which Mr. Robinson was well acquainted, had a wife who was |