his mother's name was Elizabeth and his father's William ('De Visibili Monarchia (Lovanii, 1571), p. 710, nn. 1968, 1969), and though the pedigrees of Sander of Charlwood do not show their names or his, they do show that the Nicholas, who died in 1553, had a younger brother, unnamed, who may well have been William the father of our Nicolas. David Lewis (op. cit. p. xvii) calls this William "William Sander of Aston,' and says he was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1556, and married Elizabeth Myne, and had twelve children. In all this, however, in my opinion he is mixing up the William Sander of Charlwood with William Saunders or Sander of Ewell (his first cousin) who married Jane, e.d. and co-heir of William Marston and widow of Nicholas Myne or Myn or Mynd of Norfolk (see 12 S. i. 466; ii. 319 s.v. Erasmus Saunders ').

One of our Dr. Nicholas Sander's sisters, named Elizabeth, married Henry Pits of Alton, Hants. Their son John Pits, the author of De Illustribus Angliae Scriptoribus,' was sent to Winchester College at the age of 11, in 1571. His mother, however, suffered imprisonment as a recusant, and he himself, when he died in 1616, was Dean of Liverdun.

A second sister, named Margaret, died Prioress of the Brigittine nuns of Syon, then at Malines, in 1576. She was not one of the eighteen choir nuns who were enclosed under Abbess Katharine Palmer in August, 1557; but she became prioress after the death of Prioress Margaret Daly in October, 1561, and before 1568, in which year her brother persuaded the community, for which he had collected alms, to remove from Zierichzee (in the island of Schouwen in the province of Zeeland) to Meshaga, near Antwerp ('De Visit. Monarch.,' loc. cit.).

A third sister, younger than Margaret, named like Mrs. Pits, Elizabeth, after her mother, also became a Brigittine nun, and was sent with another nun from Malines to England to try to collect there alms for their community. After two imprisonments and two escapes, in 1580, she eventually rejoined her wandering convent at Rouen, and died in its bosom at Lisbon, 1 Aug., 1607. (Downside Review, xxviii. p. 142).

Of Nicolas's early life at Charlwood we know nothing. It is likely, however, that his parents occupied some cottage on his grandfather's estate, and were allowed meals at Charlwood Place, in return for labour of some

kind. Of his life at Winchester much could be written in general (see especially Mr. A. K. Cook's About Winchester College,' the late T. F. Kirby's Annals of Winchester College,' and Mgr. A. S. Barnes's paper in the Dublin Review for 1906, entitled Winchester, Mother of Schools '), but there are no stories to tell about him personally. When he passed to Oxford more details might be given about him; but though I have put together an account of the things that happened during his stay there, and he has some thing to say about them himself in his Origine ac Progressu,' and elsewhere, they would take up too much space and are not, I suppose, what MR. STORR requires. Can MR. J. C. WHITEBROOK identify the "Sanderus" of cliii, 255 ?

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

De

PETER THE WILD BOY (clii. 380, 398, 466; cliii. 20, 32, 86, 139)-In The Wonderful Magazine, vol. i. 1793, p. 383, is the following:

Wild Boy, who resided many Years at a Farm Curious Particulars concerning Peter the House, near Berkhamstead, in Hertfordshire. Collected from Lord Monboddo's Antient Metaphysics.

1725 in the woods of Hamelin, twenty-eight The account says that Peter was found in miles from Hanover, walking upon his hands and feet, climbing up trees like a squirrel, feeding upon grass, and moss of trees. was then judged to be about twelve or thirHe was brought to England in April, 1726. teen years old.

He

under which it is said that he was There is a full page engraving of Peter, Brought to England by King George the IId" Presumably the engraver put rid for a It.

Lord Monboddo saw Peter in June, 1782. From an inquiry made at Monboddo's request it appeared that "Peter the Wild Boy lives at a farmer Brill's, at a place, or rather a farm, called Broadway, about a mile from Berkhamstead, where he has lived about thirteen years. The farmer said he was eighty-four years old He is about five feet six inches high.' "" Elsewhere Monboddo speaks of him as of low stature, not exceeding five feet three inches.'

He wears his beard; his face is not at all ugly or disagreeable." In the portrait, done, apparently when he was an old man, he certainly is ugly.

The account, which occupies about seven pages, ends by saying that he "died on the

22nd day of February, 1785, supposed to be aged 72."

Monboddo took some of his other "facts" from Dean Swift's " witty and ludicrous piece" entitled "It cannot rain but it pours.' See Sir Walter Scott's Works of Jonathan Swift,' 1824, xiii. 191. Scott in his note says that Peter was found in the woods of Hamelen in Hanover.

In A Collection of Epitaphs and Monumental Inscriptions' (Anon.), 1806, vol. ii., p. 91, is the following:

In the church at North Church, Herts, is a brass plate fixed up with a sketch of the head of Peter the Wild Boy, and underneath the following inscription :- To the memory of PETER, known by the name of the WILD BOY, having been found wild in the forest of Hertswold, near Hanover, in the year 1725. Пе then appeared to be about twelve years of age. In the following year he was brought to England by order of the late QUEEN CAROLINE; and the ablest masters were provided for him. But proving incapable of speaking, or of receiving any instruction, a comfortable provision was made for him at a farm house in this parish, where he continued to the end of his inoffensive life. He died on the 22nd of February, 1785, supposed to be aged 72. Attached to this alleged monumental inscription is the following note :—

"Tis reported that his countenance much resembled that of Socrates. He could never be

taught to articulate any words, though he hummed a tune or two very ill. He was very fond of ale and tobacco, and had retained so much of his court breeding as to kiss the hand of the person who gave him money. He was extremely sensible of the change of the weather, and used to howl and be very wretched before rain. He was supposed to have been an ideot purposely put in the way of George the First, in the forest where he was discovered.

All this is reproduced in A Collection of Epitaphs and Monumental Inscriptions, ancient and modern, with an Emblematical Frontispiece' (Anon.), 1822.

Whether the "woods of Hamelin "' and the "forest of Hertswold " are synonymous I do not know.

Since writing the above I have referred to Murray's Hand-book for Hertfordshire, etc., 1895, in which the brass tablet with an engraved head of Peter the Wild Boy is mentioned as in the church of St. Mary, Northchurch, or Berkhamsted St. Mary.

ROBERT PIERPOINT.

MONKS AS TRADERS (cliii. 226, 269).—

Monks were prohibited from engaging in retail trade by ecclesiastical authority acting at the instance of the trade unions. In 1287

Archbishop John Le Romeyn reproved the sub-prior of Shelford in the following terms: "Idem ab omni genere negociacionis se deinceps subtrahat quam nota proprietatis prehabite exercere non poterit; nec sinistro utatur consilio quod murmur generet in conventu." (Archbp. John Le Romeyn's Reg. Surtees Soc., p. 264).

At the end of the fifteenth century there was a quarrel between the craft of "tixtwriters, lumers, noters, turners, and flurisshers of York and a priest in the city, who was making books and had taken apprentices The archbishop to teach them the trade. appointed an arbiter in the dispute, whose decision was as follows (condensed): "Wee award that all prestes take noon apprentice ne hiredman to set or wark in the said occupacion upon the payn of xls." They were, however, allowed to "make bookes to there the same bukes be not put to any sale."awn proper use or to giffe in charitie, so that 'York Memo. Book,' ed. by Dr. Maud Sellars, Surtees Soc., vol ii., p. lxx.

When the burgesses of Totnes admitted the abbot and convent of Buckfastleigh into the Merchants' Gild, so as to make all their purchases like the burgesses, all sales that they might attempt to make " by way of trading were excepted. (Hist. MSS. Comm. iii., 343).

These injunctions, of course, did not apply to wholesale trading such as dealing in wool. It is stated somewhere, but where for the moment I am unable to remember, that at York the current price of wool was posted up on the gates of St. Mary's Abbey every day.

Dr. Maud Sellars, D.Litt., has kindly drawn my attention to the following:

21 Henry VIII. C. xiii. :

No spiritual person . shall bargain and buy to sell again praur lucre gain or profit in any market fairs and other places, any manner of cattel, corn, (II) lead, tin hides, leather, tallow, fish, wool, wood or any matter of victual or merchandize what kind soever they be of, on pain to forfeit, treble the value of everything, by them or by any to their use, bargained and bought to sell again, contrary to

this Act.

Letter from Merchant Adventurers of York to Abbot of Fountains:

We understand that you occupy buying and selling lede and other merchandise as a fre merchaunt, contrary to Godds lawes and mans ye being a spiritual man and of religioun, and so your occupyng is grett damage and hurte to us merchaunds in thies parts.-1 June, 1502. JOHN A. KNOWLES.

Such stall-plates exhibiting the arms of the Knights Grand Cross of the Orders may be seen also in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster, in the case of the most Honble. Order of the Bath, and in the Chapel of St. Michael and St. George in St. Paul's Cathedral in

the case of the Most Distinguished Order of

St. Michael and St. George.

It would be interesting to know the condition of the print, as it is usual for these stall-plates to be engraved on brass; but I should have thought that this metal would be too harsh to use for intaglio printing.

G. KENNETH STRUGNELL. MA [ASONIC SIGNAL" IN A MURDER TRIAL (cliii. 189, 230).-I was present, in an official capacity, at the whole of the trial of Seddon-when Mr. Justice Bucknill presided in 1912-and at no time during the trial did I see him make any masonic sign, either to the Judge or the Jury, and I was sitting quite near him. He certainly did once mention, inter alia, the "Great Architect of the Universe" in speaking from the dock, and this no doubt gave the clue to the Judge in saying what he did, when sentencing him to death. I have also no recol

lection that

CANONS OF LEICESTER CATHEDRAL IN THE GARB OF ROYAL CHAPLAINS (clii. 460; cliii. 102, 227). In his original enquiry SCRUTATOR asked for evidence of the connection between the chancel of the Cathedral Church of St. Martin, Leicester, and the Crown. This evidence was supplied by me, and, if he had asked about the other medieval churches of Leicester, I should have given the facts without reservation. Should all the churches in England adopt red cassocks, I, for one, should not question their right to do so; though I might think these adornments less suited to simple village churches than to a cathedral that since the fourteenth century has been the civic church of an ancient and important town.

Disparaging assertions about Henry VIII, made by a pseudonymous writer, are a waste

LIONS AND EAGLES: USE IN SYMBOLISM (cliii. 244). Probably these symbols have an astro-theological origin much ante-dating Christianity, but were carried on into Christian iconography on the strength of such references as Ezekiel x. 14, which the querent seems to have overlooked.

The cardinal importance of the lion and eagle in ancient symbolism rests, not upon their physical characteristics, but upon the hoary association of these animal forms with two of the four zodiacal constellations in which the equinoctial and solstitial points once fell. Precession shifts these points backward through the actual constellations of the zodiac so that the imaginary zodiacal band traversed by the sun during the first month from the spring equinox although termed Aries, really covers part of the Aquarius stargroup. About 3500 B. C. these four cardinal points of the year fell in Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius. Before the Christian era they had passed into Aries, Cancer, Libra, Capri

corn.

The regents of these four points have always held an important position in the older religions. They are the arbiters of destiny-the four Maharajas of Hinduism, the four-faced cherubim of Ezekiel's vision,

the four sons of Horus; and it is they who appear under the animal forms of their zodiacal quarters. Ezekiel gives the faces of a cherub (Taurus), a lion (Leo), an eagle (Scorpio), and a man (Aquarius). Egyptian usage varied, but the standard form is to be seen on the four jars containing the viscera of a mummy jackal (Taurus), dog-headed ape (Leo), hawk (Scorpio), and the man (Aquarius).

Wilkinson figures a massive gold signet he saw (Ancient Egyptians,' iii. 373, 374), whose rectangular seal bore on its face the cartouche of the successor of Amenophis III ("the man"), on the reverse a lion, and on the two edges a scorpion and a crocodile. The use of the crocodile as a symbol for Taurus is a recondite and interesting question itself, but the use of the eagle or hawk as an

in

narvon, mentioned in the Heraldic Visitation of Wales, 1846, vol. ii. On the other hand, in Foster's 'Alumni Oxonienses,' Evan M. is stated to have been a native of Carmarthen

shire, which would seem to point to Llanelly as the place of origin. There is a pedigree of the family in Burke's Commoners,' vol. iii., and another in Western Antiquary,' vol. iii. p. 218 (Plymouth, 1884). It has been said that Evan had an older brother William, who was a member of the Grocers' Company, London, and reference is made to his arms on an ornamental fire-back, still (1901) to be seen at the entrance to the Cock Tavern, Billingsgate, see Devon Notes and Queries, vol. i. P. 188. The authorities agree in giving Mary as the Christian name of Evan's wife and Scobchester in Ashbury parish as her place of abode. They are almost unanimous in giving

the name of her father as John Castell or Devon Castle (cxlvii. p. 444, and Trans. Assoc., 1921, p. 71, at which latter reference there is an extract from his will, showing that Mary was an only child).

Magna Britannia,' vi. p. 424, however, the surname is given as Casielis. It was Mary Castell, afterwards Morrice, later Prideaux, who died on Oct. 2, 1647. Her second husband, Sir Nicholas Prideaux, whose third wife she was, had died in 1627/8.

M.

RUN UNAWAY MARRIAGES (cli. 225, 268, 283, 302, 340).-I am now, thanks to a reply by an anonymous correspondent, signing himself " Cestria," to a query by me in the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, able to give MR. FRED. LED CARTER the information he asked for regarding the marriage of the first Earl of Durham at Gretna Green and his subsequent orthodox marriage at Malpas, as stated at the last reference.

The Newcastle Courant for Jan. 25, 1812, contains this announcement:

Last week at Gretna Green, John George Lambton Esq., of Lambton in the County of Durham, to Miss Cholmondeley, daughter of the Right Hon. Earl Cholmondeley.

The Gentleman's Magazine for Feb. 12, vol. lxxxii., under marriages, gives:

At Gretna Green, Hon. Wm. H. Lambton Esq. to Miss Cholmondeley, daughter of the late celebrated Madame St. Alban.

As R. S. B., at the last reference, says, the couple were married again at Malpas, but the date given for this ceremony as recorded in The Complete Peerage,' viz., 1 Jan., 1812, is, to say the least, strange in view of the

two extracts above.

The pedigrees given by Burke and Surtees

give Miss Cholmondeley's Christian name as Henrietta and not Harriet, the name given by R. S. B.

Harriet Cholmondeley is the name given by Fordyce, History and Antiquities of Durham. Ronald John McNeill's biographical notice in the Encyclopædia Britannica,' 11th edn., gives the name as Henrietta, and says she was the natural daughter of Lord The regular marriage at Malpas appears to show that the bride really was connected with the Cholmondeley family. The name "Wm. H. Lambton," given in the extract from the Gentleman's Magazine, is also singular. John George Lambton's father was named William Henry, as was his brother, whose wife's name, also, was bert Ellison, Esq., of Hebburn. Henrietta, but she was the daughter of Cuth

Who was the celebrated Madam St. Alban?
H. ASKEW.

"SAINT MARIE MAWDLAINE, QUEEN

HITH" (cliii. 225, 268).-A reference to several topographical works on London confirms the assumption that there was no St. Mary Magdalene in Queenhithe Ward, and Wriothesley's Chronicle of England' (Camden Society, 1875) offers no clue or explanation. It may be that the reference should be to St. Mary Mounthaw, in Queenhithe Ward, where Edward Fox, Bishop of Hereford, was buried in 1538; otherwise it must refer to St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street. This church, though in Castle Baynard Ward, and so included by Stow and various other authorities, was situated close to the boundary of Queenhithe Ward, and, according to Harben's Dictionary of London,' its parish extended into Bread and Queenhithe Wards. Harben further states that Old Fish Street was in Bread and Queenhithe Wards, and that the old Fish Market, situated in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, had Queenhithe as its landing quay.

Your correspondent, in the latter part of his query, confuses the two churches of St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street, and St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street, when he states

the former never rebuilt after the Fire, and the latter destroyed by fire about 1886' and It was St. Mary Magdalen, never rebuilt." Milk Street, which was not rebuilt after the Great Fire, whilst the former was rebuilt by Wren and being again damaged by fire on Dec. 2, 1886, was demolished.

ARCHIBALD SPARKE.