TWO papers in the November Cornhill which interested us particularly Lady Charnwood's Johnsoniana centred in an account of Stowe House at Lichfield, and Mr. Orlo Williams's Defence of the Novel of which has The Three Musketeers' Action,

as its text and makes some attempt to

logical purposes, gives the Administrative Commission of the Gardens reason to believe that they have here a means for considerably increasing the national balance. That the Garden is well suited for their purpose is shown by the number of animals born and bred there of species often refractory to reproduction when in captivity. Some little time ago two good lion cubs were born, and a few days ago were born is tiger cubs, off

spring of a pair of Bengal tigers. These will contribute their quota to this new commercial enterprise, for a pair of lions is said to be

of the cinema in contrast with the novel. It has become pretty clear that no true art can be developed in the use of the cinema until its limitations have been recognized, accepted and, so to speak, brought into systematic play. Mr. Williams says some excellent things about its failure to render character, and also, about the disadvantages of its speed and of its continual and sole appeal to the eye. A suggestive paper which should prove useful. A word must also be given to Mr. E. D. Cuming's charming Basque Notes."

The Daily Journal. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1727.

London, November 4.

We hear that at the late Committee of Council that fat at the Cockpit, about the Affairs of Jamaica, it was refolved, that no Duties fhall be laid on the Negroes who fhall put into that Ifland for Refreshment only, tho' any other Part of the Cargo fhould be landed; but that the Affembly there may be at Liberty to lay any Tax otherwife on

detti an interesting paper on the psychological problem presented by Hamlet. She makes some penetrating remarks, in the passage where she insists that the significance of Claudio as contrast and antagonist to Hamlet has been under-rated, and again where she observes upon and accounts for Hamlet's dislike of Polonius, She also expresses well the dramatic effect of Hamlet's death, sciolto ormai dall' impaccio della veste mortale, emancipato dalle passioni, libero e sereno, lascia cadere la maschera e noi intravediamo il nobile volto di colui che conoscemmo attraverso il soave ricordo di Ofelia e che adesso scorgiamo nella più completa bellezza dello spirito affrancato, La morte libera Amleto da Amleto."

IN the Italian Mail for Oct. 29 is an account of a project for forming a market for wild beasts" in Rome, to be set up in the Roman Zoological Garden, according to a plan of the Governor of Rome, which is to turn to account the Italian possessions in Africa. The abundance of rare or even unknown animals in Somalia and Oltregiuba, and also of animals in great demand for zoo

proper.

This Day the Right Hon. Sir Robert Walpole fets out for Norfolk, for a few Days.

Yefterday in the Evening died Sir George Merttins, Knight, Alderman of Bridge Ward within, and fome time fince Lord Mayor of this City. He was feveral Years Treafarer of Chrift's Hofpital, and on the Death of Sir Francis Forbes was unanimoufly chofen their Prefident. He was formerly a Banker in Cornhill, of unblemished Reputation, and Sums he furnished. While he was Treasurer never took more than legal Intereft for the of Chrift's Hofpital, he never would accept of the Salary annex'd to that Place, improved their Money on their Solely. He fpent 5001. of his own Money on their Houfe in which he lived and died, and has left them by Will a very confiderable Legacy. He was the moft active and impar tial Magiftrate that this City has long known; and, in fhort, paffed thro' every Station of Life with an unexceptionable

Character.

and

account

Literary and Historical

Notes.

A STATEMENT BY SIR WILLIAM

D'AVENANT.

THE following statement throws some light on Sir William D'Avenant's activities during the Civil War. It is preserved among the Foreign State Papers in the Public Record Office. Its purpose was apparently to provide complaints against the Dutch, which might help to forward the quarrel leading to the Second Dutch war. I have found nothing incompatible with D'Avenant's statements, but to support them only a general description of D'Avenant as "the poet-now the great pirott (December, 1645; Hist. MSS. Comm., Portland MSS., i. 324; a reference to D'Avenant, ib., p. 335, is not very clear).

S.P. 84/170. (S. P. For: Holland, General Correspondence, Apr.-May, 1664),

ff. 85-6.

Sir William Davenant in the yeares 1643 and 1644 sustain'd great losses by the treacherous dealing of the States of the United Provinces who arrested severall ships consign'd to him from the North and their Goods and confiscated them to the valew of 70001.

The said Sir William having bought for his Majesties service a Frigat of the Admiralty of Rotterdam with the Rigging, Gunns and Amunition to the valew of 25001. sterling the Admiralty of Rotterdam by the States order arrested the said Frigat when the Wind serv'd her to set saile, and freed her agen when the Wind was contrary: this they did severall times by the sollicitation of Stricktland Agent to the Rebells for the space of Fower months, till at last Sir William having kept aboord the said Frigat above 100 men to his great expence, the States then declar'd they would not suffer any Frigat to set saile from their Port against those who imployed Mr Strickland [substituted for the Parliament of England]; so that the said Sir William was forc'd to sell the said Frigat to his losse of above 100011.

Sir William having rigg'd and man'd out a Frigat call'd the New-Castle, and the said Frigat having taken Two Prizes about the valew of 60001. sterling as shall appeare under the hands of severall Witnesses; the Admiralty of Rotterdam seiz'd

I

A NEGLECTED FACTOR IN

PLACE-NAMES.

2. THE HILL NAMES.

NOW demonstrate another group which has the name decided by a trackway fact.

I was investigating the place-name Hill End applied to several farms I knew. The element End (Yende in old records) seems to have had much its present meaning. Wood End was at the end of a wood, as Wood Eaves at its edge. So with Fields' End, Townsend, and Hommend, the end of the holme, homme or meadow. Bacon's End near Birmingham was probably Beacon's End-as far as the use of the beacon applied on the track. Two curious names are Red Wych End and Black Wych End, both in Cowarne, Herefordshire, names with a double meaning, perhaps, the end of the use by potters and salt carriers in the first case, for there is a Potter's Bar name near London. Coalway Lane End in Dean Forest is evidently the end of that use for a track; and in Gloucestershire are two White Ends, that is, as far as the salt-man came on the road.

Speculation as to how far the "neglected factor" gives a meaning to the end names is raised by Butter's End, Bird's End, Palmer's End, Guller's End, Piper's End, and Brown's End, all in Gloucestershire, and creating visions of strange occupations of persons on the track.

I was puzzled to find that the Hill Ends or Hillends I knew (mostly farm-houses) were not only on low ground, but also no nearer a hill than are other homesteads in our hilly districts. Then came what was as unexpected to me as I think it will be to the reader.

I was motoring back home from Tewkesbury over the Hollybush Pass at the S. end of the Malvern ridge, when-as sometimes happens on a straight stretch of road-I found the nose of the motor steadily fixed on a hillpoint, Chase End Hill. As this usually indicates a sighted track, I looked it out on the map, and there found a ley, sighted on Chase

End Hill, confirmed by the bit of road mentioned, and passing through Hill Court, Pendock Moat and Hill End, Birtsmorton. Now both these "hill " places are on low ground, as is the Hill Court near Ross-on-Wye, not near a hill at all, and obviously so called from being on a track sighted on a hill.

prac

Further investigation showed that tically all the "hill names for homesteads I could find on the map are on no higher ground than the nearest homesteads to them. There are a few exceptions, where a Hill Farm or Hill Top is really so called from being on a hill, and where the name of the hill is given, as Stanley Hill, Crews Hill.

Other trials showed that out of the ten

Chase End Hill; Hill Farm, Dymock; Moat; Dymock Church; Upton Court; Crow Hill.

3. TRADING NAMES. The undeniable success in proving the names of places on the salt and hill tracks by the alignment of such names beyond the possibility of accidental coincidence, must not be expected to continue in all cases. hinted earlier, names of the " neglected factor" origin are not always numerous enough on one track to give such proof, although I have one more case with it in minor degree in the red place-names.

As I

"Hill End" places on the maps seven align through a second "hill" name to a definite hill peak or hill ridge where a sighting-point was probable. In most cases three hill " names align to such, and it is very evident that they are so called from being on a track sighted on a hill. Hill is often hull, hyll, or hulle in old documents.

I now give examples of such hill alignments, chiefly to the Malvern Hills, from Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, and they afford the clearest group of proofs of the neglected factor" which I know.

Hill Alignments.

Bartestree Chapel; Hill End Farm, Weston Beggard; Yarkhill Church; Hill Farm, N. of Bosbury; Whitman's Hill Coppice (on ridge).

Hillhampton, Ocle Ocle Pychard; Hillend Farm, Cowarne; Hill Farm, Castle Frome; Malvern Hill ridge above Colwall.

Vallum of Sutton Walls Camp; Livers Ocle Chapel; Hillend Farm, Cowarne; Hill Farm, N. of Bosbury; North Hill, Malvern. The Hills, Laysters; Hill Farm, Bockleton; Bank Farm; straight piece of road marked Bank St.; Three Gates Cross Roads; Crossing of Teme at Ham Bridge; Hillend Farm, Martley. (Comes over steep hill ridge near Weyman's Wood).

Hill Farm, Eastnor; Eastnor Hill; Eastnor Church; Hillend Farm, Eastnor; Hill Farm, Hasfield.

Midsummer Hill Camp; Hillend Court; Hillworth; edge of Towbury Camp; Kemerton Church.

Chase End Hill; Hill End; on road; Pen'dock Moat; Hill Court; over Severn at Mythe Bridge. Chase End Hill; Pendock Church; Hill Farm; Hillfield House.

About that time, enquiring of the miller at Rhos-Goch (the Red Marsh), "What is the name of that conspicuous hill seen up the valley"? he replied, "They call it the Red Hill, but it always puzzles me why, for there is nothing red about it at any time of the year." I did not find a ley from this to the pottery site, nor through an ancient Red Lane on the same district, they probably appertaining to some other undiscovered pottery.

But I found the following three leys, showing that "red" indicated spots where the potter called with his ware when out selling it on the old straight track (I need scarcely explain that these wares were of red clay, in this case often decorated with patterns in white clay, in the style called slip-decoration, and covered with a green glaze) :

Black Hill (about 1,650 feet); Redborough; Pottery site, Whitney, Red Ley; on Roman" road for 2 miles; Red House (ancient name), Hereford.

Craig-y-Fuddoi (about 1,500 feet); Rhosgoch (Red Marsh); Pottery site, Whitney; Red Gates; on a mile of straight road; Burton Hill.

The Tumpa (2,263 ft. point); Maes-coch (red meadow); edge of Mouse Castle Camp; Pottery site, Whitney.

In the New Forest, where sites of ancient potteries are mentioned, in Mr. Heywood Sumner's handbook, I was not so successful, for I could only find five "red" names on the map, with one alignment of two of these to a pottery site, not a sufficiently convincing one to specify.

I will not attempt to specify the many

A significant pottery place-name is suggested by the name of one of the New Forest potteries at Crock Hill, which doubtless gives a name of the neglected factor type to places, for which we have in Herefordshire a Crocks Hill, which I found to be a hill-top coppice with suggestion of being a sighting point. This name is also found in Crocker's Ash, Herefordshire; Crockherbtown, Cardiff; Crocker's Farm, Reading; and survives in our word crockery. That crocker" is the man who carried crocks, I have no doubt.

Chapman " is a word which has given place-names to many spots on the travelling traders' track. Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, in his 'Andover District,' says "Place-names compounded with chapman' are almost invariably associated with prehistoric roads or earthworks," and he refers to the Ceapmanna del or Chapman's Dell, and the Chapman's Ford on the Harroway.

A significant proof connecting the word with the old straight track is that group of five barrows, arranged like a five on a playing card, on a 1,500 ft. height on Exmoor, which are called Chapman Barrows. If barrows ever were marking-points on a track at all (and I have abundantly proved that they were), these are so called as being points on a traders' track, and I have found a ley sighted on the cliff-headland at Countesbury, passing through a camp near, one of the barrows, Challacombe Church, and a barrow on the south of Bratton Down. There are Chapman Sands in the Thames estuary.

If the word chap is looked up in the 'N. E. D.' its connection with chop, chip and cheap will be seen. It originated as an onomatopoetic word signifying the chipping of flakes from a flint nodule, and flint flakes were probably the first of any goods traded. There is the fact that the word cepe and cheap came to be applied to trading spots all over the kingdom. There are Cheapsides in London, Beaulieu, Newent and Derbyshire. A Mealcheapen Street in Worcester, and market towns as Chipping Camden, Chipping Norton, and Chipping Barnet prove the same connection, as do also many place-names as Chepstow, Chipstead and Chepenhall Green. And the "" cheap jack " still travels from

market to market. In the same connection, although I can

show no alignment proof, I offer the suggestion that knap, an onomatopoetic word, also signifying the same chipping off of a flake, gave name to many points on tracks, for barrows (one near New Radnor) are often termed knaps. There is a Knapper's Barton in Somerset, a Knapper's Farm in Gloucestershire, a Flinty Knapp on Salisbury Plain, and a Belas Knap, a barrow on the Cotswolds. Actual workers of flint flakes are still called knappers. All these barrows are sightingpoints on tracks, and Mortimer, who spent forty years in opening Yorkshire barrows, reports the large number of flint flakes in them, not merely round the burial chamber, but scattered through the soil. The sale of flints at these mounds would explain this.

The element mark, merke, merc, or merch has signified a boundary all down the Middle Ages. That it was originally used for a sighting point is suggested in a quotation of 1565 given in theŇ. E. D.' "A little hill or marke called a barrow." That it is still used in this sense and related to the straight track, is indicated in a reference to Quarley Hill in Dr. Williams-Freeman's 'Field Archaology,' "This was evidently the landmark on which the earliest travellers set their course. I know of no road [the Harroway] which gives a clearer idea of walking on a mark.' March stone and " Mark stone are named in the N. E. D.' as meaning boundary or landmark, and my surmise is that the first named meaning is a later evolution. A merkstan is quoted in 1364, and a merch steane in 1536.

As regards place-names there are: Four Marks, Mark Ash, Mark Oak, Lee Marks, Markwell Wood, West Mark, and several Mark Lanes. There is the very ancient road called the Mark-way which is now a drift road from Winchester to Weyhill," and Markyate has the same meaning. Mark Cross indicates the mark-stone at the crossroads, and from the village of Mark, in Somersetshire, runs a Mark Causeway towards the coast.

At the mark-stones evolved in time the markets, mercates or marchates, to which the merchants or marchants flocked. There is a Marchant's Cross on Dartmoor, and the traditions of trading at a cross or mark-stone at at town's boundary in plague time are common. The merchant would be more likely to trade at mark-stones on a trackway, than at a boundary stone of private property.

A fascinating record of the evolution of a