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dow." And as my publishers tell me that my book will not be ready for a little time to come, I will in the next article restate and increase my evidence in order that the readers of N. & Q.' may see it all. If there is a flaw anywhere, I am open to conviction, and should be grateful if it is pointed out before it is too late.

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In the meantime MR. C. H. THOMPSON rather draws a red herring across the scent by his attempt to reinforce the discredited eighteenth century legend of Vertue, a second-rate antiquary, who was born in 1684 and died in 1756. This is that the King's window was not a window of the Banqueting House at all but a small window (enlarged) of what MR. THOMPSON terms the annexe on the north side. Three lengthy articles are devoted to this hypothesis, and in them not only has MR. THOMPSON omitted to notice (perhaps he has not seen) the evidence set out by me in February and March (clii. 117 and 210), but also he has not taken into account considered conclusions like that of Sir Charles H. Firth, with which I opene this article. It is necessary, therefore, to examine what MR. THOMPSON has to say, in the first place.

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In his first article (cliii. 201), after describing the extent and scope of his researches, which, as I shall prove later on, have not included the primary authorities, that is the "Thomason tracts," he tells us that he is able to state with certainty which was the King's window, and reveals the fact that the first two writers upon whom he relies are Herbert and Ludlow, the regicide. Herbert, he asserts, "is the only contemporary authority we have who states that the King passed to the scaffold through a broken wall.' What then is to be said about Sir William Sanderson, who, as I pointed out at clii. 117, said, in 1658, that the King passed through the "great window enlarged.' THOMPSON is contending for a little window enlarged. Ludlow simply remarked that the King passed I out of a window of the Banqueting house," which is not in favour of MR. THOMPSON's hypothesis.

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wall, by which the King passed unto the scaffold."

MR. THOMPSON points out, however, that in the original MS. this passage runs:

His Maty past' to ye scaffold through ye wall yt was purposely broken downe at ye North end of ye roome."

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In other words, in the Banqueting House, at the north end of it, and not at the centre window; and certainly not in the on the north side of it.

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A lengthy bibliography of the MSS. of Herbert's Memoirs' follows. I doubt very much whether this bibliography was worth the pains MR. THOMPSON has evidently taken with it, having regard to the facts detailed in my article on Herbert's Memoirs,' at ante p. 293.

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In his second article MR. THOMPSON describes the "annexe" and asserts that "it has been said by some "that the King passed out through the lower window in this. No contemporary ever made such an assertion. Who were the some who did?

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MR. THOMPSON then again remarks that "it is certain" that the King's window was the lower window of the " annexe,' and winds up with another assertion which would be valuable if it were possible to offer proof of it. He argues : "Across the space that intervened between the door window [of the "annexe"] and the scaffold platform, planks were laid down and the King passed out of the building. I shall prove that the scaffold was nowhere near the supposed exit from the annexe. Planks are never mentioned. In the third article the following assertions are all unfounded:

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1." Only part of the scaffold platform, which was erected at the north end of the western front of the Banqueting House was usually spoken of as the scaffold,' being that part of the platform which was furthest from the north west corner or angle of the House. (No part of the scaffold was erected at the north west corner of the House).

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2. The other portion of the platform, namely that which was at, and close to, the

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North West corner of the House was known as the scaffold end. (All contemporary accounts agree in mentioning "the scaffold " and nothing else).

3. "The scaffold end, from which the scaffold proper was distinguished by having its rails draped and its floor covered over with black bays.' (As there were not two structures, but one, no distinction arose).

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J. G. MUDDIMAN.

In

(To be concluded). URIAL UPRIGHT (cliii. 297). October, 1899, I submitted а similar query to the Lord Abbot of Mt. St. Bernard's Abbey (Cistercian), Br. Wilfred Hopwood, and received the following reply, which will interest others than S. :—

It is the custom of our Order to bury without coffins, unless some grave reason occur to cause us to do otherwise; such for example as bringing a body from a distance, or the very rapid decay of the body. You may be interested in our manner of buriai. As soon as the Brother is dead the body is washed and clothed again in complete monastic dress; it is then conveyed to the Church where it remains till the funeral. After some 48 or more hours the body is buried. A board, the length and breadth of the body, is placed under it, and under the board and round the body are wide bands to lower it into the grave. As soon as the body is lowered the Infirmarian descends into the grave, arranges the body in a straight position with sods prepared for the purpose, then draws the hood completely over the head and face, and the departed is left to mother earth; the Abbot throws on the first spadeful of earth, and the Brethren fill up the grave, letting the soil fall down the sides of the grave till the body is gradually covered. A simple cross with the Religious name, age, and date of death is then placed at the head of the grave. The Brethren are all buried inside the Monastic enclosure.

The Abbey is in Charnwood Forest, Coalville, Leicester.

I have an idea that Jews adopt this method of interment, but am not sure.

J. B. McGoVERN.

Redgarth, Clothorn, Didsbury. Sir John Harcourt, K.B, (who was created a Knight Banneret by Edward I on 22 May, 1306, at Carlisle, at the same time as the Prince of Wales, on the occasion of the King's last expedition to Scotland), who died in 1330, was buried in an erect posture and his tomb, which was in Stanton Harcourt Church, Oxfordshire, is, I believe, still there. WILLIAM HARCOURT-BATH.

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For them above the grounde buryed, I have by tradition heard, that when anye notable Captayne dyed in battle or campe the souldyers used to take his bodye and to sette him on his feet uprighte, and put his launce or pike into his hand, and then his fellowe souldyers did travell and everye man bringe so much earthe, and laye about him as should cover him, and mount up to cover the top of his pike.

Confirmation of this custom appears to be derived from the burial of Lord Dacre, who fell at the battle of Towton in 1461. He was buried in Saxton churchyard, and it is related that when his tomb-stone was disturbed many years after, for the purpose of interring beneath it a Mr. Gascoigne, his skeleton was found in a standing position.

The upright mode of burial is alluded to by the poet Wordsworth in The White Doe of Rylstone,' Canto I:

Pass, pass who will yon chantry door,
And through the chink in the fractured floor
Lood down and see a grisly sight-
A vault where bodies are buried upright!
There face by face, and hand by hand,
The Claphams and Mauleverers stand.

Thomas Cooke, Governor of the Bank of England, 1737-1739, was buried in an upright position at Morden College,- Black heath, in August, 1752. This was stated to have been in accordance with the Eastern custom-Cooke had formerly been a merchant and resided for some time at Constantinople.

Browne's statement of the practice being folFrom this we may conclude that Sir Thos. lowed in Russia was correct.

In Narborough Church, Norfolk, Clement Spelman was immured in an upright position in a pillar. The inscription is directly against his face. He was Recorder of Nottingham, and died in 1679.

A couple of instances of burial head downwards may be given. The first is that of Richard Hull, a bencher of the Inner Temple, who died in 1772, and left instructions that he was to be buried in Leith Hill Tower, in a tomb which he had had built in 1766. Report says that he held the opinion that the world would be reversed on the Day of Judgment, hence he directed that he should be buried head downwards.

The second is that of Major Labelliere,

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who was interred upside down on Box Hill

in 1800.

As there is a certain element of doubt about Richard Hill's burial, confirmation or otherwise would be desirable. H. ASKEW.

In addition to the references to be found in the early volumes of N. & Q. (See Indices) records are given in Vaux's Church Folklore,' pp. 150 et seq. Ben Jonson was buried in Westminster Abbey in an erect position, the supposition being that this was to avoid the large fee demanded for a full size grave. In Watson's History of Halifax there is an entry of the interment of Capt. Taylor's wife, buried in her garden standing upright.

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ARCHIBALD SPARKE

HAIR [AIR SUDDENLY TURNED WHITE (cliii. 27, 87, 142, 214).-In Japanese history it is given that, in A.D. 1017, Fujiwara Akimitsu, the grandee, had all his hair turned white in one night on hearing his daughter having been set aside by her princeconsort in favour of a daughter of his political rival (Eigwa Monogatari,' written in the eleventh century, tom xiii; Tikkunshô, finished 1252, pt. ix. ch. 4). Also the famous poet and politician Sugawara Michizare is traditionally said to have undergone the same change when he was suddenly removed from the government to a western province, A.D. 901 (Koyasan Tsûnen shû, 1672, tom. v).

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The Chinese history records several examples (Yuen-kien-liu-han,' 1703, tom. ccclx.), but the most illustratory one is the case of Wei Tan who was forced to inscribe on a tablet of a belvedere, 250ft. above the ground and had all his hair blanched with extreme fear during the performance (Chin Shau, Wei-chi,' written in the 3rd cent. A.D.).

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In Richard Spence's Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes,' 1908, vol. ii. p. 165, an account is given of Madame Godin, whose hair became perfectly white during her terrible wandering alone in a deep forest for ten days or a little more.

A propos of this subject I may mention that the Chinese and their followers believe the constant tonic, Rehmannia-root, to turn human hair totally white, when taken with radish. The Chinese politician Kau Chun (tenth century A.D) is said to have thus made himself appear of much seniority, in order to gain the confidence of the emperor Chin

Tsung, who habitually distrusted all young men. And a Japanese story of the eighteenth century tells of a young, beautiful widow blanching her hair by the same means in order to eschew the enticements of incomers (Sie Chung-chi, 'Wan-hai-pi-sha,' 1609, tom. v; Tosei Teijo Katagi,' tom. v. ch. 3).

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KUMAGUSU MINAKATA.

SAMUEL HARTLIB (cliii. 298). 1922 1 enquired in

In

29812 5. I

110) with reference to the residence of this distinguished foreigner in England, and two replies were elicited at 12 S. x. 157. In the first of these MR. DAVID SALMON referred me to Dr. Turnbull's brochure Samuel Hartlib' (Oxford 1920), and in the latter MR.

H. T. SHERINGHAM refers to two books condetail Agricultural Writers from Sir Waltaining a certain amount of biographical ter of Henley to Arthur Young,' by D. McDonald (London 1908), and A Biographical Memoir of Samuel Hartlib' by H. Dircks London (1865).

The most comprehensive sketch of Hartlib is undoubtedly Dr. Turnbull's brochure, and from this we learn that very little is known of Hartlib's ancestry beyond an account contained in one of his letters in 1650. In this Hartlib says that his father was the King of Poland's merchant, and founded a church at Pomania (Poznan) in Poland, but that owing to the persecutions of the Dissidents he moved to Elbing, where he built a mansion, and his grandfather, the deputy of the English Company at Danzig, brought the English merchants from Danzig to Elbing, to the great advantage of the latter town. That his father married two Polish gentlewomen before his marriage to Samuel's mother, whose nationality is not specified. That his mother had two sisters, married successively Mr. Clark," a lord maiors son at London," Sir Richard Smith and Sir Edward Savage, and the other a Mr. Peak. That his cousin, daughter of Sir Richard Smith, married Sir Anthony Irby. That his family was said to be of very ancient extraction in the German Empire and had furnished various high dignitaries to the courts of the Empire, but had lost caste when some of them turned merchants.

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Altogether a very plausible ,account of his origin. Yet, as Dr. Turnbull says, additional information gained by following them [the clues] up is very scanty indeed."

In some cases Hartlib seems to have erred (the English Company of merchants, for

example, was founded at Elbing in 1580, and did not move from Danzig to Elbing), and in other cases the records are silent on all important points. For example, it appears that Sir Richard Smith, fourth son of Sir Thomas Smith of Ostenhanger, Kent, had, by his third wife, a daughter, Margaret who married Sir Anthony Irby, M.P. for Boston. But the name of this third wife, who is Hartlib's aunt, cannot be discovered. It is an exceedingly baffling case, and very intriguing. Hartlib was known to a wide circle in England, and it is presumed that his mother was English, yet Evelyn calls him a Lithuanian, John Dury, a German, and Dr. John Stoughton, a Dutchman, while all his contemporaries seem to ignore his English connections.

From a study of all the facts known to me, I think Hartlib's paternal ancestry was purely German, but that his ancestors settled in Poland and Lithuania, where at this time only Germans and Jews were merchants. In the latter half of the sixteenth century, Nicholas Radziwill, Palatine of Wilno in Lithuania, was a zealous Protestant, and caused to be printed in 1563 the first Protestant Bible in Polish. It is therefore very probable that it was to the court of Radziwill that Hartlib's grandfather or father proceeded from Germany and settled for some years. They may have married ladies of Lithuanian burgher families, but these would be Germans like themselves and not Poles. I do not think they could have married Polish gentlewomen, as even the szlachta, the petty nobles (many of whom were very impoverished), would not mate with burghers.

Their removal to Danzig and Elbing would possibly be caused by the fact that the son of Nicholas Radziwill was converted to the Catholic faith and bitterly persecuted the Dissidents. It is believed that Samuel Hartlib was born in Elbing, but if his father had resided in Lithuania for some years, or had been born there, it would account for Evelyn describing Samuel as a Lithuanian.

As a Protestant, Hartlib would, when coming to England, be recommended to the Dutch Church in Austin Friars. Many Poles and other foreigners frequented this church (John a Lasco or Jan Laski, the famous reformer, was preacher here in 1550), and many of the certificates recommending these foreigners are preserved in the archives (cf. Archives of the Dutch Church,' by Hessel). While no such certificate exists for Samuel Hartlib, there is one, dated Danzig

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10/20 June, 1667, for "Fraw Maria Hartliebin, widow of the late Herr Georg Hartliebs, late Rector of the Reformed School at Wilda, and her daughter Jungfraw Catherine Hartliebs. This George Hartlib is undoubtedly the brother of Samuel, and we may therefore presume that Samuel was also recommended to the Dutch Church, and he may have frequented it when he first came to London. For this reason Stoughton may have deemed him a Dutchman. In any case Hartlib must soon have ceased to frequent this church, for he was married Jan. 20, 1628/9, at St. Dionis Backchurch.

With regard to Hartlib's maternal ancestry Dr. Turnbull justly states: 'the facts of Hartlib's grandfather being deputy of a company of English merchants, and of the English marriages of his two daughters, besides Hartlib's own relations to England, all point to Hartlib's mother having been an English woman, as Althaus notes; it is not, of course, absolutely certain that such was the case.

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I should certainly be grateful for any information which would throw light on this problem. I am confident that many clues to the identity of Hartlib's mother exist in this country. I should also be glad of information regarding Hartlib's children and kinsfolk. Besides children who died young, there appear to have been :

Samuel Hartlib, Junior, of the Inner Temple, mentioned by Pepys, who ultimately fled to Holland to escape his debts;

Mary, who married Frederick Clodius; and Nan, who married John Roder or Roth of Utrecht, knighted by Charles II in 1660.

Daniel Hartlib, who, according to Dr. Turnbull, is mentioned in 1667, is probably the nephew mentioned by Samuel Hartlib as attending him just prior to his death, but nothing further is known of him.

LAURANCE M. WULCKO. 142, Kinfauns Road, Goodmayes, Essex. B. towards close of sixteenth century, probably in Elbing; d. 1670. Much information about him in Dict. Nat. Biog.'; Catal. of Sloane MS. (Scott), p. 242, and G. W. Johnson's History of English Gardening' (1829), 96-97. J. ARDAGH.

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OBATE INVENTORIES (cliii. 291, s.v. The Proving of Shakespeare's Will.') I quite agree with all that is at the above reference upon the importance of inventories. They are often of the greatest interest and value, and sometimes are useful in fixing within a few days the date of

the death of the testator. Early wills were frequently made in extremis, and the limits of date of death can frequently be fixed between the date of the will and the date of the inventory within very narrow limits.

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Reference is made to the inventories in the Worcester and Lichfield Registries. It also be pointed out that there are numbers of inventories in the Probate Registry at Chester. These have been sorted and listed in the Calendars of Wills from 1545 to 1810 published by the Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. This Society has also published similar lists of the wills and inventories in the Diocesan Registry at Chester, and of North Lancashire wills and inventories proved at Richmond, 1457-1812. There are a number of these inventories for the sixteenth century and later, of Lancashire and Cheshire testators, printed in the publica

tions of the Chetham and Record Societies. At Chester, the original wills, and not transcripts, are produced to the searcher, and if there is an inventory, it is generally to be found with the will.

R. S. B.

SOUTHAMPTON: BEVOIS AND ASCUPART (cliii. 298).-Sir Bevis, son of Sir PART (cliii. 298).—Sir Bevis, son of Sir Guy of Hampton, was born at Southampton. While still a child he cudgelled his step: father to death, and later on he encountered a giant, thirty feet high, whom he turned into a slave, and forced to run by his horse. This is the gentleman who, later, kept him company on one of the gates of his native place, and his name was Ascapart. Bevis also fought a dragon and surpassed in valour the exploits of St. George. According to some he was a brave Saxon, who held the Earldom of Hampton against the Norman invaders; according to others he was the champion of Anglo-Saxon Christianity against the Danes.

The name Bevis is Italian and was originally Buovo d'Antona, which was corrupted into Hampton. He is connected with Charlemagne and figures in a prose romance that was printed in Bologna in 1480. There was also a French romance dealing with his exploits, which was known in England in the early part of the sixteenth century. Drayton celebrated the achievements of Bevis in the second song of his Polyolbion,' though he seems to have had some doubt about them. The giant Ascapart is often mentioned by Elizabethan writers.

T. PERCY ARMSTRONG.

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Sir Bevis of Hampton, or Southampton, was a giant and celebrated figure in Arthurian romance, who also appears in Drayton's Polyolbion.' The story of Sir Bevis appears to be of about the tenth century, and the oldest versions are French of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. There are several extant versions in English, French, and Italian of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Ascapart or Ascabart, another giant who, in the romance of Bevis of Hampton,' was conquered by Bevis, is said to have been 30ft. high. Bevis Mount, Southampton, is said to have been thrown up by the giant to impede the course of the Danish invaders up the river, while it is also his reputed grave. According to Woodward and Wilks, tory of Hampshire,' in 1719 there used to be shown great balls weighing 400 lbs. each, which it was affirmed were the playthings of Bevis and Ascapart.

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ARCHIBALD SPARKE.

CALCULATION OF SHIPS' TONNAGE

(cliii. 189, 232, 304).-Years ago, I was apprenticed to the shipbroking business in Liverpool, and I simply devoured all the information I could get hold of relating to the building and chartering of ships. I venture to think, therefore, that the following information will answer correspondent at the first reference. the question of your

The tonnage of a ship means the displacement in the case of ships of war and the regis tered tonnage in the case of merchant ships. The displacement is the weight of the ship when loaded so as to sink her in the water to displaced is, of course, equal to the weight her proper draught. The weight of the water of the ship, and the displacement is arrived at by ascertaining the cubic space occupied by the portion of the ship immersed, when she is drawing her proper depth of water, and dividing it by 35, as 35 cubic feet of water weigh one ton. The dead-weight carrying capacity of a ship is the difference of her displacement at the load-line and the light line. The registered tonnage is the measurement of a ship according to the rules contained in the 2nd schedule to the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, after deducting the allowances sanctioned by sections 78 to 81 of the Act.

The measurement gives the entire cubic capacity of the ship below the tonnage deck. The tonnage deck is the upper deck in ships having less than three decks, and the second deck from below in all other ships. To the cubic capacity below the tonnage deck is added the cubic space between all decks above

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