Walpole St. Peter's, Norfolk, a public way passes through a short tunnel under the E. end of the chancel, which is built much higher than the body of the church, apparently for this purpose. Locally it is said to be a Pilgrims' Way"." Moreover, Mr. Copeman says that there is a passage under the east end of St. Gregory's Church, Norwich. Besides these examples, we have notices of public ways under church towers,

and over the bodies of churches. Are not all these cases parallel with the examples drawn from Iceland, except that in Iceland we have to do with dwelling-houses and in England with churches? As regards passages through chancels, it must be remembered that in all cases the lord of the manor was the owner. The Icelandic examples belong to the heathen age.

Such a remarkable church as that at Walpole deserves that rare thing-an accurate One would like to know the monograph. height and width of the passage beneath the east end of the chancel, and also whether the building above the passage was a chamber used for habitation. Chambers are sometimes found in this position in early churches, such as that at Darenth, in Kent. S. O. ADDY.

In the novel by Stendhal, La Chartreuse de Parme,' first published in 1839, it is mentioned that the Cathedral of the Assumption of Parma (formerly S. Herculanus), a Lombardo-Romanesque structure in the form of a Latin cross, dating from 1064, "like many churches in Italy, serves as a passage from one street to another." It is suggested that the passage is through the nave. This is in chapter xvi. In chapter xvii. the Fiscal Rassi says he has escaped shadowers by entering the Cathedral and making use of this thoroughfare.

The lively Kinnegad Slashers' is an entirely different jig, which, however, would also suit the words given. It is published by O'Neill, who gives it several alternate names, which prove its popularity, namely, 'O Merry am I,' 'Oh An Irishman's Heart, 'Paddy Digging for Gold,' 'Powers of also publishes the tune in his 1000 Jigs ' and 'Land of Sweet Erin.' Howe Whiskey,' Land of Sweet Erin,' with the alias The and Reels,' 1883 edition, under the name Twin Sisters,' and when I myself was familiar with it in the 'nineties and often played it on the concertina, I heard it called by still nother name, 'O'Donovan's Daughter.'

In his very interesting and unique dissertation on Irish reels and jigs (cf. 'Irish Folk Music, a fascinating hobby,' Chicago, Regan, 1910), Captain O'Neill says that he finds the Kinnegad Slashers first published in O'Farrell's Pocket Companion for the Irish or Union Pipes,' vol iii, printed in 1804, and in 'Power's Musical Cabinet,' issued in 1810; but that none of the alternate names here given appears in the index to the Petrie Collections of Irish Folk music. He adds the very interesting additional information that the jig 'Kinnegad

Slashers has been transformed or evolved into a once very celebrated supposedly American reel, known as 'Old Zip Coon,' or later as Turkeys in the Straw.' Before the disappearance of country fiddlers in the eastern United States in the 1890's, I often heard this reel plaved by orchestras, as part of the Virginia Reel, at balls in Philadelphia and Boston, but never heard it called Turkeys in the Straw' until the late 'nineties. Howe publishes it as Old Zip Coon,' about 1880, and O'Neill says that he met in 1920, Alderman Silas Leachman, of Chicago._ who wrote the words to the song called Turkeys in the Straw,' or Turkey in the Straw," as he named it, which superseded the older name Zip Coon,' about 1900. To prove the Irish origin of the tune

I learned Bryan O'Lynn' from an Irish girl (from County Sligo) when I was a child. It had a tune which I cannot set down, but it seemed to be a traditional ballad air, and words which I recall as follows:

Bryan O'Lynn was in need of a coat, Therefore he bought him the skin of a goat, Sure, the hairy side out, and the skinny side in,

""Tis a fine winter's dress," says Bryan O'Lynn.

The verses seem to be a reworking of an old song or ballad called 'Tom Bolin.' A late eighteenth century copy is described in W. C. Ford's Checklist of Massachusetts Broadsides' under No. 3370, and I have before me a copy printed, I judge from appearance and provenance, at Boston about 1810-20. This version has fifteen four-line stanzas, including analogues to all three given by your correspondent from memory. Though the version was printed at Boston, I believe it is not of American origin sailors' songs are common property of English-speaking seamen, and the peculiar humour of Tom' and references to "the priest," etc., make me think that it hails from Ireland. I have not the list of singlesheet songs in the American Antiquarian Society at hand, nor the British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books. The Harvard Checklist of chapbooks lists Tom Bowling frequently, but I suspect this is a different

song.

I quote a stanza or two from my Boston broadside

Tom Bolin was a scotchman born,

His shoes worn out, his stockings torn,
His jacket was short, his shirt was thin,
This is my summer dress says Tom Bolin.
Tom Bolin and wife and wife's mother,
All went over the bridge together,
The bridge it broke, and they all fell in,
The devil go with you, says Tom Bolin
Tom Bolin crept in an old hollow tree,
And very contented he seemed for to be,
The wind it did blow, and the rain it beat in,
A de'il of no house says Tom Bolin.

THOMAS OLLIVE MABBOTT.

BLESSING THE CROPS (clii. 459).—My old friend the Rev. J. L. Kyle, is by no means the only Anglican cleric who observes the Rogation-tide procession and "blesses the flocks and crops. He has carried out the original spirit of rogare for the last twenty years in his beautiful parish. in Cleveland. Last year in E. Yorks there was a similar procession, whilst the Vicar of St. John's, Stockton-on-Tees, also had a rogation service in his town parish. The post-reformation Archbishop Grindal of York, in his injunctions to the laity (issued in 1571, the year after his arrival in the see) saw to it that the service was much materialised and truncated when ordered :

he

That, for the retaining of the perambulation of the circuit of every parish yearly, the parson, vicar, or curate, and churchwardens, with certain of the substantial men of every parish, such as the minister and churchwardens shall think meet to require, shall in the days of the rogations, commonly called Crossweek or Gang-days, walk the accustomed bounds. of every parish and in the same perambulation or going about the minister shall use none other ceremony than to say in English the two psalms beginning Benedic anima mea psalm and the hundred and fourth psalm, Domino, that is to say the hundred and third and such sentences of scripture as be appointed by the Queen's Majesty's injunctions, with the litany and suffrages following the and set forth for that purpose, without wearsame, and reading one Homily already devised ing any surplices, carrying of banners, or hand bells, or staying at crosses, or such like popish J. FAIRFAX-BLAKEBOROUGH.

ceremonies.

Grove House, Norton-on-Tees.

This custom was observed at Edburton, Sussex, in 1910, and I believe has been followed each year since. I have a note of the celebration in 1919 and the present year. It has also been carried out at Henfield, Sussex, for several years. At Holy Trinity, Hastings, in 1919, the procession after asking a blessing for the harvest of the land, proceeded to the seaside and invoked blessing for the harvest of the sea. A blessing for the harvest of the sea was also invoked by one of the parishes of Brighton in a procession this year.

JOHN PATCHING.

a

OYEZ (cliii. 10).-On 11 Jan. 1555/6 some

of the servants of Sir Richard Molyneux came to the High Cross in Liverpool "and thear made toe noyes, ready to have gyven somons and warnyng for a courte to be holden. At whiche noyes hearing," some

..

aldermen came to the sayd nowyes, demanding and askyng what they had theare to doe to presume to make anye suche noyes and soe stopped theyme for eny further proceeding in that behalffe at that tyme. (Liverpool Town Books,' i. 65). Professor Twemlow, the editor, explains in a footnote that the above meant that, of the three "" oyez " which usually preceded proclamations, two had been called without the permission of the town authorities who then intervened and prevented the proclamation being made. The interesting suggestion made in this footnote that oyez gives the etymology of the expressions make noise ?? or noise abroad " was supplied by Mr. Robert Gladstone. The Oxford Dictionary leaves the etymology uncertain. Apart from this, the record seems to show how oyez was pronounced in the sixteenth century.

R. S. B.

a

THE LEIGHS OF WEST LEIGH, CO. LANCS (cliii. 8).-I think there is a good deal of confusion in the notes of this

pedigree. It seems fairly clear from the early generations mentioned that these Leighs were of West Hall in High Leigh, Cheshire, and not of West Leigh, Lancashire. On 5 Sept. 1614 a licence was issued for the marriage, at Mobberley, of Peter Leigh of High Leigh Cheshire, Esq. and Mary Tipping of Manchester. This Peter Leigh, who begins your correspondent's note, was the heir of the High Leigh family, as appears from the pedigree in Ormerod's History of Cheshire' iii. 453-6. This shows that Thomas Leigh was his third son, although he succeeded his elder brothers Peter and Richard. Thomas, who died in 1676, married Mary Austin in 1660, and Ormerod's pedigree gives him only three sons Austin, Peter and William. It is, of course, possible that there was another son Robert, from whom were descended the persons mentioned by your correspondent. The connection suggested

with Sir Robert Holt Leigh seems unlikely. He, who was created a baronet and was M.P. for Wigan, was the son of Holt Leigh of Hindley Hall in Aspull, and grandson of Alexander Leigh of Whitley Hall, Wigan, who died in 1772. I see no link with the High Leigh family, and Alexander Leigh has been said to have been a Legh" of Adlington, Cheshire, quite a different family. There is something about the supposed connection of the Leighs of Leigh and Pennington, Lancashire with the family of Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh in N. & Q.' for 1870 I believe. Other references to this are

in Lancashire and Cheshire Historical Notes (1878) vol. i. 110; vol. ii. 44, and in Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Notes, vol. i. 190, and there are references to the claim made about 1813 to the Leigh peerage by descendants of a Leigh family of Haigh, Lancashire in The Complete Peerage.' Leighs of Wigan may have been connected with those of Pennington, but there seems to be no evidence that either of them was a branch of the Warwickshire family.

The

R. STEWART BROWN.

NELSON'S DAUGHTER (cli. 280, 374,

410, 448, 465; clii. 47, 124, 429).At the last reference quoted from The Times of 26 May-the word " adopted," in the last line but one has been omitted. In the famous codicil to Lord Nelson's will, signed by Captain Hardy and Dr. Scott, we are told that Horatia was an adopted daughter. It was in this same codicil that the truthful and unflattering mention is she alone Nelson is our witness-who gave made of Emma, Lady Hamilton; for it was us the Battle of the Nile, and thus broke the power of the French in Egypt.

Is there the faintest reason to disbelieve his Lordship? The answer is emphatically No!

Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough described Lord Nelson when he was called as a witness in a very important treachery case as man on whom to pronounce an eulogy were to waste words."

66 A

son,

The Times made space for an obituary notice at the top of col. 6, p. 12 of the issue of 31 Dec., 1924 wherein, besides telling us that the deceased left but one (whereas he left two sons and two daughters) the writer goes on to say Castle Hall, Milford, was built by Sir William Hamilton and was the home of Lady Hamilton."

Castle Hall was built by the famous Governor Z. Holwell, a survivor of the Black Hole of Calcutta, and the site did not belong to the Barlow family in 1755, and never at any time belonged to Sir William Hamilton, who married the Barlow heiress in that year. Nor did it ever belong to the Right Hon. Charles Francis Greville, F.R.S., his nephew, agent and heir. When Lord Nelson and Lady Hamilton (with her husband and party) visited Milford Haven on their only visit 1-6 Aug., 1802 (see 12 S. xii. 487) the house belonged to Benjamin Rotch, whose wife did not wish to receive them (she belonged to the Society of Friends). When Charles Francis Greville died in 1809 the property passed to his brother Robert Fulke Greville, F.R.S., 3rd son of the Earl of Warwick, who married Louisa, Countess of Mansfield his cousingerman. On 22 March, 1819, some six years after Emma, Lady Hamilton had passed away, Robert Fulke Greville purchased Castle Hall from Benjamin Rotch (part owner with his brother of the Dartmouth from which the tea was thrown overboard in Boston Harbour and owner of the Bedford, the first vessel flying the American flag to enter a British port 6 Feb., 1783— see 12 S. xii. 487). In 1862 the property had been so thoroughly squandered by Robert Fulke (Murray) Greville (see 13 S. i. 458) that it passed to the National Provident Institute. From the Rotch papers we learn that neither Lord Nelson, Emma, Lady Hamilton, Sir William Hamilton nor any of the party ever entered Castle Hall.

Sir William Hamilton died in 1803 and left Lady Hamilton with tremendous debts. Robert Fulke Greville, after his brother's death in 1809, refused on some feeble pretext, to pay the £800 per annum left to her. Consequently if it had not been for the one man who richly deserves his country's grateful thanks, viz:-Alderman Joshua Jonathan Smith-citizen and patten-maker, Alderman of Castle Baynard Ward in the City of London from 1803 to 1831, when he resigned, Sheriff in 1808 and Lord Mayor of London 1810-11-she would in all probability have died in the debtor's prison. He got her away with Nelson's adopted daughter Horatia (believed to be the child of Captain Parker) to Calais, where she died in 1813. Of these two immortal people with their adopted daughter Horatia there is nothing more to say.

JOHN A. RUPERT-JONES.

WHITSTABLE OYSTER FISHERIES

(clii. 426).—I think Messrs. Voile & Roberson, The Library, Faversham, would give information as to references for Whitstable Oyster Fisheries. Meanwhile your correspondent might look at Hasted's Kent' vol. viii. p. 507, which gives some information on the point, calling the fishery "a royalty of Fishery or oyster dredging, and giving the number of boats employed in 1734 as twenty-two.

I am a native of Faversham, which also has an ancient oyster fishery off Whitstable. I remember that in olden days disputes often arose over the respective boundaries. I shall be interested to see what definite information your correspondent obtains.

"THE FIVE ALLS" (clii. 425). I re

plied to this query at 12 S. ix. 390, but may add that there are many variations of the theme, in which the Five Alls are contracted to Four. In their History of Signboards' (London, Chatto and Windus, 1898), Messrs. Larwood and Hotten, observe, speaking of signs, "Others have a sort of satirical humour in them, such as the well-known Four Alls, representing a King who says 'I rule all'; a priest who says I pray for all'; a soldier who says 'I fight for all'; and John Bull, or a farmer, who says, I pay for all.' times a fifth is added in the shape of a lawyer, who says, I plead for all.' It is an old and still common sign, and may even be seen swinging under the blue sky in the sunny streets of La Valette, Malta. In Holland, in the seventeenth century, it was used, but the King was left out, and a lawyer added; each person said exactly the same as on our signboards, but the farmer answered

Some

The Intelligencer marred all,

The Parliament pass'd all,

He that is gone oppos'd himself to all, The Bishops soothed all,

The Judges pardon'd all,

The Lords buy, Rome spoil'd all,
Now, Good King, mend all,

Or else the Devil will have all."

This again seems to have been imitated from a similar description of the State of Spain in Greene's Spanish Masquerade,' 1589:

The Cardinalls solicit all,
The King grauntes all,
The Nobles confirm all,
The Pope determines all,
The Cleargie disposeth all,

The Duke of Medina hopes for all,
Alonso receives all,

The Indians minister all,
The Soldiers eat all,

The People paie all,

The Monks and friars consume all, And the Devil at length will carry away all.

At the village of Higham, in Pendle Forest, Lanarkshire, is an old inn, at which the copyhold courts for the Forest were held, the sign of which is the "Four Alls." On the sign are depicted, the King, "I rule over all"; the Bishop, 'I pray for all " ; the Soldier, I fight for all"; and the Farmer, "I pay for all.'

Westwood, Clitheroe.

WM. SELF WEEKS.

See 12 S. iv. 316; ix. 355, 390; x. 78, 136. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. [Several other correspondents thanked for replies.]

TOKENHOUSE YARD, PUTNEY (clii. 425). Surely the Putney Tokenhouse Yard must have the same origin as the Tokenhouse Yard off Lothbury, E.C. I quote the following from my book' City Street Names':

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth the want of legally recognized halfpence and farthings impelled the almost general use among alehouse keepers, chandlers, grocers, vintners and other small traders of private tokens made of lead, tin, and even of leather. A Token Mint House was built here in the reign of Charles I, who increased his private revenue by granting patents for the issuing of Royal farthings, tokens, hence the name.

or

A Putney historian may be able to complete the story. LOUIS ZETTERSTEN.

CADWALLADER COLDEN HISTORY

OF THE FIVE INDIAN NATIONS -CANADA (clii. 407, 447).-Cadwallader Colden (not Cobden), a distinguished American colonist, was born at Dunse in Scotland on Feb. 17, 1688, of which place his father, the Rev. Alexander Colden, was minister. The work referred to was first printed in 1727, again in 1747 and in 1755, and there have been several modern editions. Fifty years ago the New York Historical Society printed two volumes of Colden's letters, running from 1760 to 1775, and within recent years has printed seven more volumes of his letters and papers, running from 1711 to 1775. A sketch of him will be found in the 'D.N.B.,' and see also Cadwallader Colden, a Representative Eighteenth Century Official,' by Alice Maplesden Keys, published in 1906. ALBERT MATTHEWS. Boston, U.S.A.

INTERMITTENT

PLANTS (clii. 172, 214 337, 374).—I can corroborate what G. W. H. says about the sudden appearance of scarlet poppies by the sides of a newly made road. A few years ago a dangerous portion of the main road between Durham and Stockton, near Sedgefield, was known "Devil's as the Elbow." When an intensive motor traffic used this highway it was deemed imperative that the dangerous twistings in the road should be removed by taking off the bends. After the improvements had been completed poppies in profusion appeared on the newly deposited soil at the sides of the road.

Another interesting example of this intermittent appearance of plants is mentioned in the subjoined extract from Flower Chronicle of the Vale of Mowbray,' which