creole, cupboard, deco'rous, des'uetude, diabetes, diœresis, dim'issory, duo, duteous, dynasty, egotism, elegi'ac, ener'vate, equerry. equable, extraordinary, fabric, fanat'ic, forfeit, fusil, fuchsia, glacier, hallelujah, height, hypochon'driac. imbecile', impious, indict, invalid', (s) inval'id, (adj.) lieutenant, million, machinist, Mahomet, manœuvre, medicinal, me'diocre, met'onymy, mem'oir. minutiæ, mis'cellany, mischievous, mobile, national, o'asis, omnipotent, pique, pacha, panegyr'ic, phrenetic, phrenitis, plethora, plethoric, prolix', puisne, quay, query, quandary, queue, righteous, recitative', recon'dite, rep'ertory. rule, refragable rev'enue, sacerdotal, sali'va, sapphire, satiate, satiety, satrap, stalac'tite, sub'altern, supernumerary, synecdochè, towards, vertigo, victuals, women, yacht, zoology, zoological.

KEY TO EXERCISE IN VOWEL NOTATION. 120. For greater clearness the numbers are here printed, not over, but instead of the vowel letters. The articulations are altered, when necessary, to represent the sounds correctly.

SELECTED WORDS.

5k17.1ys, kwlts. 3dv3rt2zm1nt, "ntsh12v2, "nsor, int2p12d1z. 4.8μ12n1ot, 3⁄4lyan ̋bol, šp12th1m, 5p12th1.12s2s, 6r12m6, 3sp7.1.8r3nt, b3nd3n”, bény3n, bit lyn, bls, b1212n, br2tsh2z, Br2tŷn, Br2ton, br1yl.8r, br1v1t, br1v1t, slzyl3.86, köpylish'n, köpsh's, k1omp6rbl, tshöst2zm1nt, klll.8p2n, krnl, kmpl3zönt. kontrr2, k10r1016r2. ky13.8131, k12.5dzh13tl0r, k13rl.8r, krl.121, k9b3rd, d1k11.8r9s, d4sw1ty13d, d7.1.6b1t1z, d7.1.4rls2s, d2m2s10r2, dy13.12, dyty9s, d2n3st2, 4g12t2zm, 4l'dzh7.1.5k, 1n3rv3t, 4kw8r2, 4kw6bol, 4kstr10.8rd2nor2, fbr2k, fön3t2k, f1rf2t, fy13z1, fyl3⁄4shy", glös1ör, h3l113y, h1t, h2p12k1ndrk, 2mb2s1l, 2mpl.9s, 2nd.lt, 2nvl1d. 2nv3l2d, l'vt*něnt, m2lyn, m'sh1n2st, M6h10m1t, men13v3r, m1d2s2něl, m1d1.12k3r, m1t12n2m2, m+mw10.8r, m2nylshy1, m2s414n2, m2stsh v9s, m1b2l, nish9n3l, 12.6s2s, 10mn2p12t+nt, p1k, psh1o, p'n'dzh2r2k, fr1n't k, fr'nt's, pl thr", pl'thr2k, pr1ks, py13n2, k1, kw1.8r2, kw1ond4.8r2, ky13, r7lty9s, r4s2t6t1v, r1k1nd2t, r1p3rt11r2, r131. r1frgbol, r1v+ny13, s3s3rd12t3l, so17.lv”, såf3r, ssh13t, st7.1.4t2, strip, st läkt.lt, s'bltörn, sylöp3rny13m3rr2, s2n4kd12k2, tll8rdz, vrt1g12, v2tlz, w2m1n, ylt, z12.10112dzh2, z12.12110dzh2k3l.

XIII. THE ASPIRATE, H.

121. The letter H does not represent any fixed formation, but simply an aspiration of the succeeding element. Thus, H before e is a whispered e, before a a whispered a. &c.; differing, however, from the simple whispered vowel by the softer commencement of the aspiration. H before alphabetic u-which, it will be remembered, represents the combination y-oo-denotes a whispered Y, as in hue, human &c. pronouuced rhue=Yhyoo &c.

122. The vowel aspirate (H) is very irregularly used in many parts of England; it is heard when it should be silent, and silent when it should be sounded; and that with such perversity that pure initial vowels are almost unheard, except in cases where they ought to be aspirated. The coup de la glotte exercise on initial vowels (par 30)

will correct this habit.

123. A northern peculiarity in the formation of H consists in giving a degree of guttural compression to the breath, which is extremely harsh and grating to the English ear. This fault will be avoided by pronouncing the

h with a softly sighing effect.

124. Many public speakers have a disagreeable custom of giving a vocal commencement to H, as in hold, hundred, &c. pronounced ŭhold, hundred, &c. This tasteless expedient seems to be adopted in the fear that the delicate effect of h would otherwise be inaudible; but the succeeding vowel makes it heard, and carries it distinctly to the ears of the most distant auditors.

Silent H.

125. In the following words and their derivatives, though his written, the vowels are not aspirated:

Heir, heirship. heirloom. &c.; honest, honesty, &c.; honour. honourable, &c.; hostler; hour, hour-glass, &c.; humour, humorous, &c.

XIV. ARTICULATIONS.

i26. The oral actions here denominated ARTICULATIONS, have been more commonly called "consonants;" but as that word is defined to signify a letter that "cannot be sounded by itself,” and as in fact every element of speech

may be perfectly sounded alone, we prefer the otherwise preferable word-Articulation" as a more appropriate generic term for the oral actions.

127. In par. 114 we have drawn the line of distinction between vowels and articulations :—defining the latter to be ORAL sounds arising from obstruction or compression of the breath behind the conjoined or closely approximated

organs.

128. The oral puff, or hiss, which constitutes the articulative effect, may be accompanied or not, by a glottal Each articulative action thus produces two distinct elements of speech,—a breath form, and a voice form,—as in seal, and zeal, thigh and thy, fear and veer, pain and bane, while, and wile, tale and dale, hues and use, call and gall, &c. These pairs of articulations have precisely the same oral formation, and differ only in the vocalized breath of the second, and the voiceless aspiration of the first of the respective pairs.

129. The articulations are primarily divisible into two classes,-obstructive and continuous. In the former class the breath is shut in by perfect contact of the articulating organs; in the latter it escapes through central, lateral or interstitial apertures; the organs being either in partial contact or merely in approximation.

130. There are thus three MODES of Articulation :I. Complete Contact; II. Approximation; III. Partial Contact.

1. Complete Contact.

131. The breath may be obstructed at three points : (I.) by the contact of the lips; (II.) by the contact of the forepart of the tongue with the anterior part of the palate; (III.) by contact of the back, or root of the tongue, with the posterior part of the palate. At the first of these points of contact are formed the articulations P and B; at the second, T and D; and at the third, K and G, (G"hard:") the former of each of these pairs being the "breath," and the latter the "voice" form of the articulation.

132. While the oral organs are in obstructive contact, the breath or voice may be made to issue by the nostrils.

This is the mode of formation of the English nasal elements, M, N, and ng. The vocalized breath flows entirely through the nose, while, for M, the lips are closed as in forming P and B; for N, the tongue is on the palate as for T and D; and for ng, the posterior organs are in contact as in forming K and G.

133. The nine Articulations we have now described are thus the result of but three actions of the mouth with the three modifications of BREATH, VOICE, NASAL.

II. Approximation.

134. The second mode of Articulative action,—organic approximation,-produces Wh and W, S and Z, Sh and Zh, Yh and Y, Rh (Welsh,) and R, the soft Spanish sound of B. (bh), and the German, or Scotch guttural ch, with its vocal form, the SMOOTH burr.

135. Relaxed approximation gives the trilled R. the ROUGH burr, and a corresponding vibration of the lips, which is used only interjectionally in English.

III. Partial Contact.

136. The third mode of articulative action,- Partial Contact-produces F and V, Th (then,) and Th (thin,) the Welsh L1, and the English L, and a Gaelic form of L made with the middle instead of the tip of the tongue on the palate.

137. The following GENERAL SCHEME embraces all the preceding Articulations classified according to their modes of formation.*

*In the system of "Visible Speech" (see note par. 39,) the Alphabet of which is complete for all Languages and Dialects. the Scheme of Articulations includes fifty-two primary elements. By means of diacritic signs this number is multiplied several. fold. The classification cannot be shown by Roman letters. But all the possible hundreds of articulate formations are represented by combinations of the following small number of symbols:

139. The three Nasals, M, N, ng, are placed on the same line with the Obstructives, to show that their oral mechanism is the same; but as they are continuous in effect (nasally,) although orally obstructive, they are connected also with those elements which have partial

contact.

1st Mode.

2nd Mode of Action.