by several small rivers which would admit In page 327, vol. i., he writes "Burns small canoes only. They pour into Lake are literally innumerable; rising on the Chowambe-probably that discovered ridges, or, as I formerly termed them, by Mr. Baker. This Chowambé is in mounds, they are undoubtedly the priHundi, the country of cannibals; but the mary or ultimate sources of the Zambesi, most enlightened informants leave the Congo, and Nile; by their union are impression on the mind of groping in the formed streams of from thirty to eighty dark it may be all different when we or one hundred yards broad, and always come to see it." deep enough to require either canoes or Although Livingstone is perfectly right bridges. These I propose to call the in thus suspiciously receiving geograph-secondary sources, and as in the case of ical information from the natives, the the Nile they are drawn off by three lines curious fact should not be overlooked of drainage, they become the head-waters that the Egyptian expedition received (the caput Nili) of the river of Egypt." evidence from the envoys of M’tésé, the After long and wearying delays we find king of Uganda, that the M'wootan from the following editorial note that LivN'zigé (Albert N'yanza) was connected ingstone unites as a last resource with with the Tanganyika by an intricate chan- the traders, page 355, vol. i.: "At last nel; that the lake-waters passed through he makes a start on the 11th of December, the country of Barundi (evidently a prefix 1868, with the Arabs who are bound eastof "Bar to "Hundi") and that a can-wards for Ujiji. It is a motley group, nibal tribe occupied the western coast of composed of Mohammed and his friends, Boamba-marked on Livingstone's map "Babembé." In page 281, vol. i., Livingstone writes "The native name for the people of Ujiji is Wayeiyé." M'tésé's envoys informed the Egyptian expedition that Ujiji on the M'wootan N'zigé was known by them as Uyéiyé." 66 In page 285, vol. i., we find "Tanganyika is declared to send its water through the north into Lake Chowambé, or Baker's Lake; if this does not prove false, then Tanganyika is an expansion of the Nile, and so is Lake Chowambé, the two lakes being connected by the river Loanda.” 66 The varying name's of the same lake are shown to be dependent upon local terms, as the south end of Tanganyika is known by the natives as Liemba; thus in like manner the southern portion of the Albert N'yanza may be known as Chowambé. In reviewing Livingstone's journals it is absolutely necessary for the geographer to watch carefully the varying information given to him by the natives from time to time, as he forms his opinion upon the Nile-sources entirely from hearsay; thus the reader will have the opportunity of exercising his judgment upon the same basis. It is painful to observe the varying alternations of hope and despair in this solitary man, who has thus sacrificed himself to work out a grand idea. At times, when debilitated by sickness, his spirits sink, but when renewed strength brings a healthy reaction, be again brightens, and even becomes sanguine and positive. a gang of Unyamwezi hangers-on, and strings of wretched slaves yoked together in their heavy slave-sticks." We thus see that Livingstone was utterly powerless to prevent the slave-trade; he saw, what he had formerly witnessed in Africa, every conceivable horror, but he was alone; he had for years past represented the atrocities of the slave-trade, but no forcible steps had been taken to suppress it. Livingstone had simply been made an African consul, as though the name of a consul could produce the panic among the traders that is occasioned by a garden-scarecrow among the sparrows. Thus the consul was not only powerless to suppress the infamous traffic, but he was actually compelled by circumstances to join the cortége of slave-hunters and to travel in company with them and their "slaves yoked together in heavy slave-sticks." This was a trying position for a British consul, more especially for a man like Livingstone, whose heart burned within him at the abominations that he witnessed. He could do nothing; "The spirit was willing, but the flesh was weak." In the companionship of the Arabs he at length arrives, frightfully ill, at the Tanganyika Lake, and crossing in canoes, he reaches Ujiji on the 14th of March, 1869. The editor remarks, "It was his first visit, but he had arranged that supplies should be forwarded thither by caravans bound inland from Zanzibar. Most unfortunately his goods were made away with in all directions not only on this, but on several other occasions. The disappointment to a man shattered in health, and craving for letters and stores, must have been severe indeed." "Severe indeed" will be echoed by every reader who sympathizes with Livingstone's forlorn condition. At Ujiji Livingstone rests to recruit his strength. He writes "This is a den of the worst kind of slave-traders; those whom I met in Urungu and Itawa were gentlemen slavers: the Ujiji slavers, like the Kilwa and Portuguese, are the vilest of the vile. It is not a trade, but a system of consecutive murders; they go to plunder and kidnap, and every tradingtrip is nothing but a foray." It thus appears that the slave-hunting of the Arabs was conducted at Ujiji upon the same principles as by the Egyptian Arabs north of the equator. The latter were forcibly expelled by the Khedive's expedition in 1872, and there can be little doubt that, until the same physical persuasion shall be used, the Arabs of Ujiji will continue their atrocities. the left bank of the Malagarasi River. An This account of the changeable character of the winds would completely upset the Arabs' theory that the steady current of one mile per hour in the vast body of water thirty miles across and upwards of three hundred fathoms deep should be the result of a steady monsoon. Livingstone continues, at page 19, vol. ii." Were it not for the current, Tanganyika would be covered with green scum, now rolling away in miles of length and breadth to the north. . . . Prodigious quantities of confervæ pass us day and night in slow, majestic flow." Here we have a distinct observation During his stay at Ujiji, Livingstone that the "confervæ pass us day and directs his attention to the various phe-night," which, as the wind blows from nomena of the Tanganyika. He finds different quarters during that time, is at that a steady current sets to the north. once a demolition of the Arabs' theory In page 16, vol. ii., he writes - "The that the current of the Tanganyika is due current in Tanganyika is well marked to the action of winds. when the lighter-coloured water of a river This extraordinary current of one mile flows in and does not at once mix- the per hour is a peculiar phenomenon in so Luishé at Ujiji is a good example, and it large a lake. The Albert N'yanza has shows by large light-greenish patches on no perceptible current, although the enthe surface a current of nearly a mile an tire Nile issues from its northern extremhour north. It begins to flow about Feb-ity; it is therefore natural to suppose ruary, and continues running north till November or December. Evaporation on three hundred miles of the south is then at its strongest, and water begins to flow gently south till arrested by the flood of the great rains there, which takes place in February and March. There is it seems a reflux for about three months in each year, flow and reñow being the effect of the rains and evaporation on a lacustrine river three hundred miles in length lying south of the equator. The flow northwards I have myself observed; that again southwards rests on native testimony, and it was elicited from the Arabs by pointing out the northern current; they attributed the southern current to the effect of the wind, which they say there blows south." that a river of great size must issue from the Tanganyika with considerable velocity. The report of the recent disco very of a large effluent by that energetic young officer Lieutenant Cameron will most likely prove to be the great outlet of the lake. At page 20, vol. ii., Livingstone writes "A strong wind from the east to-day. A current sweeps round this islet, Kiséngé, from north-east to south-east, and carries trees and duckweed at more than a mile an hour, in spite of the breeze blowing across it to the west." The current is here described as setting against the strong wind. Livingstone's journey to the Manyuema tribe in company with Mohammed's Arab party is most interesting. This country was new ground, and had only lately been opened up by the traders. Unfortunately for the explorers, the Arabs had at once commenced slave-hunting, and the native were rendered hostile, and suspicious of strangers. The rainy season was at its height, and Livingstone once more is a victim to ma- for him by optimists. He writes (page fatal. This same complaint destroyed Towards the end of January the 66 No position can be more pitiable than During the vexatious delays in that that of our unfortunate countryman. He country, Livingstone amused himself who had been a missionary, but who was with geographical theories. In these we now an explorer and a British consul, see traces of the wear and tear of mind had still the warm philanthropic feelings occasioned by constant sickness and by of his original calling combined with the four years' absence from civilized asso-judicial character of his official position, ciates. The remarks upon Speke and but he was a Daniel in the lion's den. Grant's discoveries require correction. He was utterly without power or control. Livingstone was never near the Victoria His own few followers did what they N'yanza which Speke actually discov- chose; the Arabs plundered and enered; therefore it is hardly fair to assert slaved, scorning alike his advice or intertheories which are at variance with ference; the natives were, if possible, facts firmly established by eye-witnesses worse than the slave-hunters; and in this of so high a reputation as Speke and hell the great man Livingstone is forced Grant. At page 51, vol. ii., in compar- to pass a miserable existence without a ing the value of the Nile of Speke's Vic-hope of release. toria N'yanza, Livingstone writes Taking their White Nile at eighty or ninety yards, or say one hundred yards broad,' &c. In N. lat. 1° 37m., at M'rooli, Speke's Nile is at least one thousand yards broad and very deep. As the current increases, it narrows to a mean of about five hundred yards, and continues this width with slight variation until the Karuma Falls, in N. Lat. 2° 15m. From that point the river is a series of frightful rapids and falls until it reaches the northern end of the Albert N'yanza. No person who has seen Speke's "Victoria Nile can hesitate in accepting the Victoria N'yanza as a mighty source. 66 On the 1st of January, 1871, we find Livingstone still detained at Bambarré. His accounts of the natives among whom he had been residing for nearly a year do not raise the "man and the brother" to that pitch of excellence which is claimed At the same time that we condemn the slave-traders, it must be acknowledged that the brutal Manyuema deserve no better fate than that of slavery; it appears impossible to transact legitimate business with such savage people. Here is Livingstone's testimony:24th of April, 1871.- Old feuds lead the Manyuema to entrap the traders to fight; they invite them to go to trade, and tell them that at such a village plenty of ivory lies; then, when the trader goes with his people, word is sent that he is coming to fight, and he is met by enemies, who compel him to defend himself by their onslaught. We were nearly entrapped in this way by a chief pretending to guide us through the country near Basitangé; he would have landed us in a fight, but we detected his drift, changed our course so as to mislead any messengers he might have sent, and dismissed him with some sharp words." How is it possible to improve such we now find Livingstone driven desperpeople, or to establish commercial rela- ate, and determined at all risks to sepations with a tribe so hopelessly barba- rate himself from the forced companionrous? At page 127 we find :- "A stran- ship of the bloodthirsty Arabs, and to reger in the market had ten human under- turn to Ujiji, there to wait until he could jaw-bones hung by a string over his obtain fresh men and supplies from disshoulder; on inquiry, he professed to tant Zanzibar. He writes" I tried to have killed and eaten the owners, and go down Lualaba, then up it, and west, showed with his knife how he cut up his but with blood-hounds it is out of the victims. When I expressed disgust, he question. I see nothing for it but to go and others laughed." back to Ujiji for other men, though it will throw me out of the chance of discovering the fourth great lake in the Lualaba line of drainage, and other things of great value." No one would dream of accusing Livingstone of exaggeration, and the great value of his journals consists in the absolute certainty of their integrity; but the whole story of seven years' travel is a repetition of barbarity such as should dispel forever the idea that the African race is naturally docile and ready to welcome the pioneers of civilization. He marches towards Ujiji, and is attacked by the natives in ambuscade within a forest. Here he narrowly escapes from two spears, and loses two of his followers, killed, together with all his reNotwithstanding the savage customs maining merchandise. He again falls of the Manyuema (who killed and ate one sick, and moves forward with difficulty, of Livingstone's boys), they hold public and in great dejection of spirits. On the markets, at which Livingstone finds ex- 20th of September, 1871, he fortunately posed for sale "earthen pots, cassava, meets an Arab company of 200 guns, grass-cloth, fishes, and fowls." Having under the command of Nassur Masudi. at length reached the great Lualaba These Arabs received him kindly, and River, in company with the Arabs, he finds gave him food, which he sorely needed; it at a considerably lower level than the they were returning to Ujiji from a sucTanganyika Lake. An Arab party under cessful journey, and poor Livingstone, their leader, Hassani, starts to explore although rejoiced to find protectors for the new river Lualaba, in hopes of dis- his little party, exclaims, in the bittercovering a rich ivory-country. Living-ness of disappointment- "All the traders stone is now left in company with other were returning successful. I alone had Arabs, almost alone, as his followers have failed, and experienced worry, thwarting, all deserted him, with the exception of baffling, when almost in sight of the end his few Nassick boys. towards which I strained." Several rival parties of Arab traders On the 23rd of October, Livingstone, had followed upon the new path taken by full of hope, arrives at Ujiji, where he Livingstone's companions, trusting to had a supply of stores. He quickly disshare in the profits of the newly-discov- covers that they have been all stolen! ered country. The result of competition Plunged once more into anguish, he quickly showed a jealousy among the writes "I felt in my destitution as if I Arabs, one of whose parties vented their were the man who went down from Jerurage upon the natives with whom Living- salem to Jericho and fell among thieves." stone was residing. This is the most In this extremity, it is necessary to horrible incident of his long journey. quote at some length from his journal. Without the slightest cause or provoca- The 28th of October, 1871, found Livingtion, the Arabs deliberately open fire stone at zero. He writes" But when upon the crowds of unfortunate women my spirits were at their lowest ebb, the assembled in the market-place. A good Samaritan was close at hand, for wholesale massacre takes place; the one morning Susi came running at the helpless creatures are driven into the top of his speed, and gasped out,An river and drowned, or butchered upon the Englishman! I see him! And off he shore, until between three and four darted to meet him. The American flag hundred have been killed before Living- at the head of a caravan told of the stone's eyes. He writes-"I proposed to Dugumbé to catch the murderers, and hang them up in the market-place as our protest against the bloody deeds, before the Manyuema." This was impossible, and nationality of the stranger. Bales of goods, baths of tin, huge kettles, cookingpots, tents, &c., made one think, This must be a luxurious traveller, and not one at his wits' end like me.' It was Henry Moreland Stanley, the travelling correspondent of the New York Herald, sent by James Gordon Bennett, junior, at an expense of more than 4,000l., to obtain accurate information about Dr. Livingstone if living, and, if dead, to bring home my bones." the latter having suffered severely from fever. On the 14th of March, 1872, Mr. Stanley leaves Ujiji for home, whether America or England is not mentioned. On the 29th of November, in Livingstone's diary, three months before Stanley's departure, and one month after his first arrival at Ujiji, we find this entry, page 159, vol. ii.: 66 I am not of a demonstrative turn; as cold, indeed, as we islanders are reputed to be, but this disinterested kindness of Mr. Bennett, so nobly carried into "The outlet of the lake is probably by effect by Mr. Stanley, was simply over-the Longumba River into Lualaba as the whelming. I really do feel extremely Luamo, but this as yet must be set down grateful, and, at the same time, I am a as a theoretical discovery.' little ashamed at not being more worthy This is extremely puzzling, as it would of the generosity. Mr. Stanley has done be natural to suppose that if Livingstone his part with untiring energy-good judg-entertained this idea on the 29th of Noment in the teeth of very serious obsta-vember, when he was actually exploring cles." Not only Englishmen, but the whole civilized world, must be grateful to Mr. Bennett and to his energetic representative, Mr. Stanley, for this charitable expedition. To Mr. Stanley the highest praise is due, and his exertions in bring ing relief to so distant a point as Ujiji, and thus supporting Livingstone, must be deeply appreciated by all African explorers, who know the difficulties that he overcame far better than the applauding public. Livingstone was now well furnished with supplies through the generosity of Mr. Bennett. He improves in health from the exhilarating effects of good food and civilized companionship; he is no longer a speck of civilization in the dark mass of savagedom, but he has a friend in a land where true friendship appears to be unknown. The reaction recalls at once his natural spirit. An expedition is organized by boat to the northern extremity of Tanganyika Lake. the Tanganyika in canoes, accompanied by his friend Stanley, and fully supplied with stores, he would have directed his course to the Longumba River, and have at once proved to the satisfaction of himself and of Stanley whether the "theoretical discovery was simply theory or fact. It is quite incomprehensible why this was negglected, and why, after Stanley's departure homewards, Livingstone should have started for the fabulous fountains of Herodotus, instead of working out the important idea noted in his diary on the 29th of November, that "the outlet of the lake is probably by the Longumba River into Lualaba as the Luamo." This would have been the most important geographical discovery of his long and wearisome expedition -one that would have settled a vexed question, and would have fully repaid him for the many years of dangers, privations, and fearful difficulties that he had so patiently undergone. It appears as though his mind was attracted by the native reports of certain Accompanied by Stanley, he visits the fountains or springs, and he had become extreme corner, and finds the river Lu- so completely possessed by this one idea sizé an affluent instead of an effluent. that he preferred it to all other researchThis was simply a confirmation of Cap-es. Although he had throughout his long tain Burton's report, in his "Lake Regions of Central Africa," when he and Speke first visited the Tanganyika. life of wandering and exploration been accustomed to the utter fallacy of native reports on geographical questions, he This seems to prove that there is no seems to have thrown over this invaluconnection between the Albert N'yanza able experience, and to have become simand the Tanganyika, although Livingstone ply infatuated in following this ignis fathad always heard that they were one uus "the fountains of Herodotus!" water; and it appears to upset the asser-At page 179, vol. ii. he writes: tions of M'tésé's envoys and the mer- the good Lord of all to favour me so as to chants from Karagwé, who gave decided allow me to discover the ancient founinformation to the Egyptian expedition tains of Herodotus." that a communication actually existed between the two lakes in fact, that they "I pray From the date of Mr. Stanley's departure till the 15th of August, Livingstone remains at Ujiji, waiting for the promised 'carriers from Zanzibar. During this |