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BRITISH LABOUR COMPARED WITH THAT OF THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE... 475

Cost of iron in Great Britain how made up, 475. Agricultural labour in

Europe, 475. Cost of food in Europe, 477. British imports of

articles of food, 480. Increase of price of provisions on continent of

Europe, 480. Imports of food from United States, 480. Equalisa-

tion of prices in articles of food in Great Britain and abroad, 480.

Dr. Young on costs of provisions in Europe, 482. Mode of life of

foreign workmen, 484. Cost of maintaining families on continent of

Europe, 484. Cost of living of English families, 486. John Bright

on Free Trade, 490. Drinking habits in Great Britain and elsewhere,

490. Savings' banks in Great Britain, 494. Efficiency and cost of

British and foreign labour, 495. Agricultural labour in France and

Great Britain, 496. Effect of low wages on health and efficiency of

labourers, 497. Wages of mechanics in Great Britain, 497. Cost of

English and continental labour compared, 499. Labour in iron ship-

building, 501. Increase of cost of labour in English chemical works,

504. Cost of labour in getting coal in Great Britain and on continent

of Europe, 505. Restriction of output in Great Britain, 513. Earn-

ings of miners in Great Britain and on continent, 514. Wages of

ironstone miners in Cleveland, &c., 517. Same in other countries of

Europe, 518. Labour at blast furnaces in England, 520. Same in

other countries of Europe, 521. Labour in malleable iron works in

in Great Britain, 525. Same in other countries of Europe, 527.

British and continental rates compared, 529. Wages in Bessemer

steel works compared with those in the continent, 535.

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CHIEF IRON-PRODUCING COUNTRIES COMPARED

Competition of continent of Europe with Great Britain, 578. Exports

from Germany, Great Britain, Belgium, France, and United States.

579. Export of rails from Westphalia and Germany, 580. Import

duties of German Zoll Verein, 581. Manufacturing skill in foreign

nations, 582. Prices of rails by foreign and English firms, 583.

Relative costs of minerals in the different countries, 584. Effect of im-

provement in the manufacture of iron of different competing nations,

586. Labour in Great Britain compared with that of the continent, 587.

Prospect of further improvements in the manufacture of iron, 587. Rail-

way dues in the different countries, 595. Royalty dues in the different

countries, 602. Change in iron trade of United States, 604. Amount

of royalties on minerals paid in France, Belgium, and Germany, 609.

Coal of Great Britain, 610; coal used in Great Britain for smelting

iron, 622; coal of Germany, 623; of France, 626; of Belgium, 629;

and of United States, 632. Iron ores of Great Britain, 646; of

German Zoll Verein, 652. Oolitic ironstone of Western Germany,

Luxemburg, and Eastern France, 653. Ironstone of remainder of

France, 656; of Belgium, 659; and of the United States, 660. Lime-

stone in different countries, 681. Comparative cost of minerals

required for producing one ton of pig iron in Great Britain, 683;

in the German Zoll Verein, 685; in France, 687; in Belgium, 688;

and in the United States, 689.

in the exportation of iron, 695. Increased cost of production in the

United States, 695. Iron Age newspaper on the manufacture of

iron in America, 698. Southern States of America as a seat of the

iron trade, 700. Future sources of economy in production in Great

Britain, 701. Competition of Western Germany, 702; of Eastern

France, 702; and of Belgium, 703. Competition in the manufacture

of steel between Great Britain and the continent of Europe, 704.

Effect of Basic process in this competition, 704. Extent of exports

of iron from Great Britain, 707. The future foreign trade of Great

Britain in iron, 708. Present prospects of the iron trade of the

world, 711.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS

See end of Book.

LIST OF PLATES, &c.

Plate 1, showing temperatures at which carbon and carbonate oxide begin to act on peroxide of iron, and those at which carbonic acid begins to act on iron and carbon ...

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Plate 2, showing temperatures of zones of two furnaces of different heights

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Plate 3, showing curve of cooling effect on furnace gases by increased furnace capacity...

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Plate 4, showing differences in temperature of the zone of reduction Plate 5, showing imperfect action in a furnace of large capacity, but deficient in height

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124

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Plate 6, showing temperatures of zones in furnaces of different heights...
Plate 7, showing temperatures of different zones in charcoal furnace of
Styria

Plate 8, diagrams showing the rate at which certain metalloids are expelled
from molten iron in different processes

Plate 9, diagram showing increase of powers of coal production in France,

value of coal, and rise in men's wages...

295

388

511

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Plate 10, diagram showing price of Scotch pig iron, and earnings of colliers in Scotland and in Westphalia

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517

SECTION I.

INTRODUCTORY.

AFTER the completion of my duties as a Juror at the French International Exhibition of 1878, I was honoured by a request from the Board of Management of the British Iron Trade Association, to prepare a report on the present condition of the Manufacture of Iron and Steel, as illustrated by the objects displayed in the different buildings in the Champs de Mars, at Paris.

I had, however, previously proposed to myself a more extensive enquiry than that which would be covered by a mere examination of the products of the Iron Works of France and of other nations, as exhibited upon the occasion referred to.

I had published at intervals, in the "Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute," certain investigations into points connected with the action of the blast furnace, in respect to which some explanation was, it appeared to me, still wanting. The experiments bearing on this question were communicated to that body, as the enquiry advanced, and were described in the language of the laboratory. It was not only my wish to present the general results I had arrived at in a more consecutive and less unattractive form than that necessarily adopted under such circumstances, but to correct any opinion therein stated, which further observation had shewn to require modification.

On communicating my ideas to the President and his Associates at the Board of the Iron Trade Association, a ready willingness was expressed to see my labours extended in any way likely to add to the utility of the object we had in view.

The depression in the iron trade, not of, Great Britain only, but throughout the world, was the cause of great uncertainty and uneasiness

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