Acid and basic processes, cost of, compared,
424; heat required in, compared, 421.
(See also basic process and Bessemer,
various heads of.)

Acid, carbonic (see carbonic acid).
Acid process, sources of heat in. 422.
Advantages, comparative, of different iron-
making countries, 453. .

Agricola and Dud Dudley, writings of, 12.
Agricultural and ironworks labour in Great
Britain and America compared, 554.
Agricultural labour, cost of, in England
and other countries compared, 496; cost
of, in France, 496; introduction of new
industry, effect on. 476; price of in
America and North of England, 553;
price of, on Continent of Europe and
in Great Britain, 496.

Airdrie splint coal, analysis of, 120.
Air, atmospheric effect of temperature and
conditions of, on combustion of coke,
238; atmospheric, means of heating, by
escaping gases, 251; atmospheric, quan-
tity of required for combustion of coke,
264 atmospheric, superheated. effect of
application of, to worn-out furnaces, 259.
(See also blast.)

Akerman, comparison of coke and charcoal
with anthracite by, 290; on working of
charcoal furnaces in Sweden by, 276.
Alabama, convict and slave labour in, 557;

iron manufacture of, 700.

Alkalies, supposed deoxidation of, in blast
furnaces, 214.

Alkaline matter, conditions of increase of,
in blast furnace, 224.

Alkaline compounds, possible cause of dif-

ferences in quantities of oxygen and
carbon in blast furnace gases, 218.
Alumina and lime least affected by sub-

limating influences in blast furnaces, 232.
Alumina, effect of presence of, in limestone,
57.

Aluminium, experiments to obtain, by means

of cyanide of potassium, 230; occasional
presence of, in pig iron, 167.
America, cost of a ton of charcoal in, 54;
freight on pig iron to, 604; high
transport charges on ore and coal in,
606; import duty and transport charges
on pig iron in, 606; imports and exports
into values of 1870 to 1881, 604; increase
of cost of pig iron in, 606; increased cost

of ore and coal in, 606; iron and steel
imports into, 604; iron trade of, 604;
ocean freights to and from, 607; sudden
demand upon iron resources of, in 1872
and 1873, 605. (See also United States.)
American charcoal furnaces compared with
Styrian and Swedish. 300.

American experience of relative qualities of
hot and cold blast iron, 152.
Ammonia and tar, collection of. from blast
furnace, 314, 326; condensation of, at
coke ovens, by Jameson, 591; condensa-
tion of, at Gartsherrie furnaces, 591.
(See also coke and coking process.)
Ammonia, presence of, in blast furnace,
228; sulphate of, produced in Scotch
furnaces, 327.

Ammoniacal compounds, recovery of, in
coking process, 52.

Ammoniacal salts, collection of, from
Clarence furnace, 326.

Analyses, ammonia salts in blast furnace
gases, 228; Bessemer and blast furnace
slags, 392; Bessemer and Cleveland pig
iron, 388; Bessemer gases in blowing,
390, 392, 418, 419; Bessemer slag, 418,
420; Bessemer steel, 408, 414, 417, 421;
Bessemer steel, basic, 408; Black Band,
Tuscarawas, 674; boiler-plate made in
different kinds of puddling furnaces, 373;
Bowling iron before and after refining,
359; Cast iron, 147, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157,
158, 168, 172, 316, 345, 346, 354, 355,
360, 367, 388, 398, 404, 416, 417, 419,
421, 438, 656; after exposure to heat,
159; cast iron, Cleveland, and products
therefrom, 398; cast iron during con-
version in Bessemer process, 391; cast
iron, glazed, 162; cast iron, hæmatite
and rails therefrom, 430; cast iron
heated in contact with wrought iron, 160;
Cinder in Bessemer converter, 392, 394,
418, 420; cinder in boiler-plates, 369;
cinder, blast furnace, 168, 170, 392, 394;
cinder, blast furnace gases from, 173;
cinder, Lancashire hearth, 346; cinder,
blast furnace, making ferro-manganese,
166; cinder, blast furnace without lime,
169; cinder, mill, 369; cinder, puddling,
361, 395; cinder, puddled steel, 438;
cinders produced at refineries, 359;
cinder, purified iron, 404; cinder, refinery,
354,355, 358,359, 361,394, 396; Cleveland

Analyses- Continued.

iron blown at Eston, 409; Cleveland
pig and refined iron from, 354; coal,
120, 127, 511, 612, 616. 620, 641, 643,
644; of coal, 120, 644, 645; anthracite
and bituminous, 127; Lanarkshire, 315;
splint and bituminous, 120; coke, 104,
657; coke, by Muck, 105; coke, by
Parry, 105; fume, blast furnace, 225,
231, 232; fume, from cinder, 174;
gases, Bessemer converter, 390, 392, 418,
419; gases, blast furnace, 68, 73, 102,
107, 108, 110, 114, 142, 196, 200, 204,
208, 210, 214, 227, 292, 293, 308, 309,
317, 318; iron ore, 648, 652, 654, 655,
670, 672, 674, 675, 678, 679, 680;
iron rails, 365, 428; malleable iron, 345,
373; materials used in basic process, 419;
metal at different stages in acid process,
391; metal at different stages of basic
process, 408; metal before and after pu-
rification, by Bell, 398; metal before
and after purification, by Krupp, 404;
open hearth steel, 434, 435; open hearth
steel with injected steam, 433; phos-
phorus and sulphur in flux, fuel, and
ore, 357; phosphorus and sulphur in pig
iron and in slag, 165, 357; phosphorus,
excessive quantity in steel rails, 428;
pig iron, Swedish and English, 346;
puddled steel, 438; puddling slags, 395;
purified iron, 398, 404; rail steel from
Cleveland pig, 427; refined metal, 354,
358, 359, 360; rivet iron, 367; slag from
basic blow, 409, 420; slag from Siemen's
steel furnaces, 431; slags from basic
Bessemer converter, 409, 420; Spiegel
iron, 419, 421; steel basic blow, 408;
steel rails, acid, 414; steel rails, basic, 414;
steel rails with excess of phosphorus,
428; sulphur and phosphorus in flux,
fuel, and ore, 165, 357; sulphur and
phosphorus in pig and slag, 357; West
Yorkshire malleable iron, 434; white
iron before and after blowing in basic
converter 417 (see pig iron, &c.)
Angles of boshes, effect of, 268.
Anthracite coal, combinations to keep up
prices of, 555; comparison of, with coke
and charcoal, 290; composition of, 127;
consumption of, compared with charcoal
and coke, 130; consumption of, in Ameri-
can blast furnaces, 127; cost of, 557;
price of, 693; earnings of men at mines
of, 557; profit on, 693; sliding scale of
wages at mines of, 556; strikes in mines
of, 555; suitability of, for iron smelting,
46, 126; tendency to splinter requires
correction by strong blast, 127; wages
in mines of, 557.

Armstrong, Sir W. G., application of malle-

able iron for ordnance, 27.

Ash, effect of, in blast furnace, 237.

(See

also under heads of analyses, coal and
coke.)
Atmosphere in Bessemer converter, 392.
Austria, cost of a ton of charcoal in, 54;
wages paid at ironworks of, 477.
Austrian furnaces, low consumption of
charcoal in, 274.

Azote in coke, 105. (See also analyses;
coal; coke.)

Baker, W. E. S., on costs of iron in East-

ern States, 695; tables of costs of iron,
696; remarks thereon, 698.

Bar iron, cost of producing, in 1727, 350;
low hearths first used for manufacture of,
344; waste of pig in manufacture of,
350. (See also heads malleable iron,
boiler plates, puddled bar, puddling and
puddled iron.)

Basic and acid Bessemer processes, com-
parison of, 407.

Basic blow, heat carried off in gases of,
424; heat evolved by different bodies in,
423; loss of iron in, 421; quantity of
heat evolved in, 421; temperature of,
424; weight of substances expelled dur-
ing, 420.

Basic process, analysis of pig iron and steel
of, 417; consumption of materials in, 421;
cost of, compared with acid process, 425;
effect of silicon in, 416; effect on relative
position of certain European countries as
steel makers, 705; expulsion of metal-
loids in, 420; heat required in, 412; in-
convenience of, 411; inexhaustible sup-
ply of ores for, 451; in Western Ger-
many and Eastern France, 705; order of
removal of metalloids in, 408; over-
blowing in the, 413; oxidation of iron
in, 423; quantity of iron lost in, 411;
refractory cinder in, 411; separation of
phosphorus by, 4, 413; time required
for blowing in, 418; use of white or
hard grey iron in, 416. (See also
acid process, Bessemer, various heads
of steel.

Basic slag, analysis of, 409, 420; oxides of
iron in, 418.

Basic steel rails, analyses of, 415.

Beer and butcher meat, cost of, in 1685,
478.

Beer, consumption of, in different coun-
tries, 493.

Belgium, coal of, 629; coal working in,

509; competition of, with England, 443;
cost of iron in. 688; exports of iron from,
466; import duties of, 465; iron ore of,
659; position of, in reference to iron ore

Belgium-Continued.

supplies, 452; progress of iron trade in,
464; transition in iron trade of, 464;
weekly expenditure of a family in, 486.
Bessemer acid process, weight of sub-
stances expelled during, 421.

Bessemer and blast furnace slags, analyses
of, 394.

Bessemer and open hearth steel compared,
435.

Bessemer blow, carbonic oxide, &c., in, 390;

gases in (see gases); gases taken at
various periods of, 390; oxidising and
reducing gases in, 390.

Bessemer Cleveland iron, margin of economy

in use of, compared with Hematite, 406.
Bessemer converter, and the puddling fur-

nace compared, 382; atmosphere in, 392.
Bessemer iron, fuel consumed in manufac-
ture of, 259.

Bessemer pig, impurities contained in, 388.
Bessemer process, acid and basic compared,

407; advantages of, over puddling, 384;
difficulty of expelling phosphorus by,
383; intense temperature of, 383; use
of spiegel and ferro-manganese in, 383;
use of Swedish iron for, 383.
Bessemer, Sir Henry, invention of pneu-
matic process for making steel, by, 19.
Bessemer steel, acid process, relative costs
of pig iron in Europe for, 704; basic
process, relative costs of pig iron in
Europe for, 704; cost of production
of, compared with open hearth, 432;
development of manufacture of, 384;
earnings of men at, 573; earnings of
workmen at, in Great Britain and Ger-
many compared, 535; economic condi-
tions of manufacture of, 384; number
of men required for manufacture of, in
different countries. 573; ores used for
manufacture of, 386; production of, in
different countries, 453; quality of
Bessemer steel, compared with open
hearth, 434; statistics of manufacture
of, 432; superiority in strength over
wrought iron, 385; works in United
States, excellent character of, 571. (See
also acid process and basic process.)
Birkinbine's comparison of charcoal, coke,
and anthracite, 290.

Black Band, Tuscarawas Valley, 673.
Blair, T. S., direct process of, 34.
Blauofen, 11.

Blast, greater weight of, consumed in
smaller furnace. 204'; heating of, by
escaping gases, 251; heating of, by fire-
brick stoves, 234; heat of, as commonly
used, 88; heat unit of, may be equiva-
lent to heat unit from fuel, 255; hot

and cold compared, 86; increased pres-
sure of, in furnaces using anthracite, 92;
low temperature of, in Swedish furnaces,
132, 283; number of calories required
in, as supplementary to those afforded
by coke, 252; saving of fuel by succes
sive additions of heat to, 265; super-
heated, value of, in worn-out furnaces,
259; temperature of, according to units
of coke employed, 252; temperature of,
in Vordernberg furnace. 283; tempera-
ture of, limit to which it can be raised,
266; units of coke burnt by, and by car-
bonic acid in limestone, 107. (See also
air, atmospheric.)

Blast furnace, action of, as affected by size,
72; advantages possessed by large, 203;
chemical action of, 65; Cleveland and
Continent of Europe, wages, &c., at, com-
pared, 521; completeness of duly per-
formed by, 138; condition of working
of, indicated by colour of cinder, 171;
conditions under which fuel are burnt in,
140; date of invention of, 12; defective
examples of, 263; derangements in, 100;
difficulty of proving hydrogen in gases
of, 306; dimensions of, in Cleveland,
22; disturbance in composition of gases
of, caused by cyanides, 216; driving,
effect of varying rates of, 203; earnings
in 1870 to 1880, 565; effect of derange-
ment of, on cinder, 172; effect of over-
burdening of, 172; effect of structural
errors in, 202; experiments on, by Ebel-
men, Bunsen, and Playfair. 308; extent
of reduction performed by H in, 315
fume, description and occurrence of, 174
gases, analysis of, 68; gases in, above the
tuyeres, 177; gases, quantities of hydro-
gen in, 306; gases, waste of heat by
escape of. from throat of furnace, 73;
height of, no uniform law for, when
smelting ore, 145; hematite, use of raw
coal in, 323; imperfect combustion of
carbon in, 67; improvements for saving
labour at, 525; increased production and
its influence on wages at, 521; in-
crease of dimensions of, 23; instant
decomposition of water in, at hearth,
322; limit of useful extension of size
in, 74; men at, cost of living in North
of England, 487; mode of action in,
67; nature of process of combustion in,
63; no uniform law for height of, 145;
number of men at, different countries
compared, 524; reactions in, 186; results
obtained by use of raw coal in, 315;
Scotch, particulars of working of, 316;
sequence of chemical action in, 176;
sizes of, required for best results, 202;

Blast furnace-Continued.

small and large compared. 203; slag, ab-
sence of lime in, 169; slags, description
of, 169; starting-point of iron-making
operations, 46; summary of improve-
ments in, 24; superiority of over direct
process, 61; three functions of, 241;
twofold duty of. 65; use of water-gas
in the, 337; utilisation of waste gases
from, 23; wages at, 520; work, dis-
turbing influences of, 259; working
average of. 268; work of, 61. (See also
atmospheric air, ammonia, carbonic acid,
carbonic oxide, charcoal, coal, coke, cy-
anides, cyanogen, fuel, furnace blast,
heat, hot blast, hydrogen compounds,
iron stone and iron ores, labour, lime and
limestone, metalloids, ore, oxygen, phos-
phorus, pig iron, silicon, slag and slags,
sulphur, reducing zone, temperature,
tuyeres, water gas, white iron, zinc.)
Blow, basic process (see basic).
Board and lodging, cost of, on Continent
and in Great Britain, 489. (See also
food, provisions.)

Board in Southern States, cost of, 550.
(See also food; provisions.)
Boiler-plates, analyses of different varieties

of iron for, 373; cinder in, 369; un-
sound welding of, 369.

Boshes, angle of, in blast furnace, 268.
Bowling cinders from refinery, analyses of,
359. (See also refinery; refined iron,
analyses.)

British Iron Trade Association, publications
of, 474.

British made iron, exports to iron-making
countries, 469; protective duties levied
on, 467.

Bunsen, Ebelmen, and Playfair, experi-
ments on blast furnaces by, 308.
Butcher meat, cost of, in 1685, 478; cost
of, in 1866, 480; in France and Ger-
many in 1847, 480. (See also provisions.)
Bunsen and Playfair's experiments on blast
furnace gases, 308.

Calcination, imperfect, of ironstone, 240;
iron ores, change effected by, 56; lime-
stone effect of, 58; limestone, want of
economy in large furnaces. 60; ores
containing carbonic acid, before being
used in blast furnace, 56.
Calcining kilns used in Cleveland, 56.
Calcium found in pig iron, 167.
Capacity of furnace, advantage derived
from increase in, 247.

Capital attracted to most remunerative
trades, 463.

Carbon, action of, on oxide of iron, 197.
Carbon and carbonic oxide, temperatures

at which they begin to act on peroxide
of iron, 70.
Carbon and oxygen, alteration in quantities
of, in furnace gases, 214; at different
levels of furnace, 212; in furnace,
irregularities in quantities of. 208; in
gases, alteration of, 215; possible cause
of irregularity in quantities of, caused
by alkaline compounds, etc., 218. (See
also oxygen.)

Carbon and silicon, oxidation of, in Bessemer
"blow," 391.

Carbon as an agent for work performed in
the blast furnace, 62; as carbonic acid,
diminution of, in blast furnace, 214;
as carbonic acid, extent of existence of, in
furnace gases, 107; ascertainment of, in
gases at different levels of the furnace,
208; calories provided in blast furnace
by oxidation of, 88; changes caused in
condition of, by refinery, 355; character
of change in, by long exposure to high
temperature, 158; combination of, in iron
in cementation process, 160; combina-
tion of, in pig iron, 155; combination
of iron with, in atmosphere of carbonic
oxide, 160; combined, found most
largely in white iron, 158; combustion
of, 62; combustion of in low fires, 63;
condition of, in gases, 270; condition of,
in pig iron affected by temperature, 158;
consumption of, compared in iron smelting
with charcoal and coke, 129; deposited,
use of, in protecting masonry of blast
furnace, 222; deposition, conditions
favourable for, 189; deposition due to
action of escaping gases on oxide of iron,
202; deposition of, without formation of
metallic iron, 189; derived from coke,
fermula for estimation of, 273; derived
from fuel, calculated from composition
of gases, 269; effect of lowering 6:58 of
as CO2, 89; escaping from blast furnace
as carbonic acid and loss of heat from
diminution in quantity of. 83; excep-
tionally low content of, in iron, 157; fixed
in coal, duty obtained from, in furnaces
using coke and raw coal, 325; fixed in
coal, heating power of, 235; fixed in
coal, heat obtained from. 236; fixed in
coal, loss of in coke-making, extent of,
51; fixed in coal, value of fuel dependent
on, 234; gaseous condition not necessary
for combining with iron, 160; heat
evolved by, in basic process, 418; heat
evolved by, limits of, 69; heat evolved
by one unit of, in blast furnace, 96; heat
evolved by 20 units of, in blast furnace,
195; highest record of, in pig iron at
Clarence works, 157; in coke and char-