Page images
PDF
EPUB

It will no doubt occur to some who may care to examine with the requisite attention what has been said on comparative costs, to take exception to some of my conclusions. Such friendly critics will no doubt remember the differences which are to be found in the experience of individual mining and manufacturing establishments. My object at the time of my enquiries was one of a purely private nature made without any intention of future publication. They were undertaken for my own guidance, and the opinions I have formed, correct or otherwise, are faithfully recorded in the pages of the present work.

It will be readily understood how largely I am indebted to my fellow workers in the great field of industrial enterprise which I have attempted to explore, for information respecting their practice and experience. I only regret that the confidential character of of the communications I have received, prevents many my cordially thanking, by name, those who have so materially assisted me in the course of my investigations. Other sources of information will be found acknowledged in the proper places.

Under ordinary circumstances I might have dispensed with any allusion to the aid rendered by experimental research; but this, in my own case, has been done in so careful and conscientious a way by Mr. Rocholl in the Clarence laboratory, that I cannot refrain from acknowledging his zeal in this respect, as well as recognizing the thought he bestowed on the examination of the numerous calculations rendered necessary by the nature of the subject.

I would also express my obligations to Mr. Walter R. Browne, the late Secretary of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, for his help as the sheets were passing through the press. My son-in-law, Mr. Walter Johnson, has also afforded valuable assistance in examining many of the statistical figures they contain.

Rounton Grange, Northallerton, 15th Sept., 1884.

I. LOWTHIAN BELL.

[merged small][merged small][ocr errors]
[merged small][merged small][ocr errors]
[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

Different quantities of fuel required for different kinds of ores, 94.

Quantity of heat required to smelt Cleveland ironstone, 95. Produc-

tion of the necessary heat, 96. Large and small furnace workings

compared, 97. Point of saturation by oxygen of reducing gas in the

blast furnace, 98. Effect of irregular charging and of irregularities

in quality of the coke, 100. Sulphur in coke, 103. Oxygen in

coke, Parry's experiment, 105. Effect of using inferior coal or

coke, 106. Fire-brick stoves, 107. Metal stoves at the Clarence

works, 110. Disappearance of carbonic acid in upper zones of

furnaces, 111. Action of large and small furnaces compared, 112.

Excessive consumption of coke, 113. Effect of increased capacity

of furnace in smelting Bilbao ore, 113. Analysis of gases from

furnaces using Bilbao ore, 114. Different quantities of coke required

for ores of different richness, 116. Limit of quantity of carbon in

form of carbonic acid found in escaping gases, 117. Value of super-

heated air in smelting poor ore, 118. Use of raw coal in blast

furnaces, 120. Composition of splint coal of Airdrie, 120. Increase

of deoxidising power of gases when using raw coal, 121.

Will. Ferrie, 122. Raw coal in North Staffordshire, 122. Value

of shape in the blast furnace, 124. Value of height in a blast

furnace, 124. Apportionment of coke for different work performed

in the blast furnace, 126. Use of anthracite in smelting iron, 126.

Composition of anthracites and bituminous coals compared, 127. Use

of charcoal in the blast furnace, 127. Heat required in smelting

Styrian and Carinthian ores, 128. Charcoal used in Pennsylvania

Pine furnace. 129. Use of charcoal in Sweden, 130. Use of torrefied

wood in blast furnace, 135. Growth of timber, 135. Produce of

charcoal from wood, 135. Charcoal and coal compared, 136. Lignite

and peat in the blast furnace, 136. Raw coal blown in at the tuyeres,

137. Use of petroleum in the furnace, 137. Loss of heat in applica-

tion of fuel, 138. Economy effected by Siemens' furnace, 139. Heat

rendered available in the blast furnace, 140.

[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]
« PreviousContinue »