Steel-Continued.

furnace in manufacture of, 20; use of,
for making tin-plate bars, 348.

Steel ingots and steel rails, consumption of
coal for, 593.

Steel rails, basic process applied to manu-
facture of in Germany, 582; consumption
in Germany of, 581; cost in Germany and
England compared, 580; future require-
ments for, 714; quotations of, 583; un-
profitable nature of export trade in
Germany of, 581.

Steel rail trade, present extent of, 713;
present position of, 712.

Stour works, make of raw iron at, in 1727,
348.

Stoves of fire-brick, errors in estimating
value of, 113.

Strength, comparative, of hot and cold
blast iron, 150; of cast iron, effect of
strain and temperature on, 152.
Strikes in anthracite mines, 556.
Stückofen, 11.

Styria and Carinthia, occurrence of carbonic
acid in making white iron in, 201.
Styrian charcoal furnaces compared with
Swedish, 302.

Sulphur, affinity of iron and lime for, 164;
and phosphorus, quantity of, in pig and
slag, 357; content of, in Durham coke,
104; counteracting of evils of, by lime,
103; effect of, on pig iron, 163; effect
of presence of, in coke, 103; found more
largely in white than in grey iron, 164;
occurrence of, in pig iron, 163; prevents
separation of graphitic carbon in pig iron,
103. (See also blast furnace.)
Superheated air, advantage of, 90, 92, 118;
and charcoal, 298; examples of working
with, 107.

Superiority of blast furnace to any other
used for iron-making, 140.
Sweden, low temperature of blast in, 283;
performances of 27 charcoal furnaces in,
130; wages paid at ironworks of, 477.
Swedish charcoal, furnaces duty performed
by, 278; furnaces, consumption of char-
coal in, 274; furnaces, low temperature
of blast at, 132, 283; iron, analyses of,
345; iron, early use of, in Bessemer pro-
cess, 383; iron, high price of, 347; method
of making malleable iron by, advan-
tages of, 346; works making Bessemer
iron, particulars of, 277; works making
grey forge iron, results at, 276.
Switzerland, cost of provisions in, 482.
Tar and ammonia, recovery of, from furnace
gases, 314, 326.

Temperature, and condition of air, effect of,

on combustion of coke, 238; at which

carbon and carbonic oxide act on peroxide
of iron, 71; at which carbonic acid begins
to act on iron and carbon, 71; effect of
differences in, on quality of metal, 158;
effect of, in blast, on certain substances
found in pig iron, 150; effect of increase
of, on behaviour of sulphur in pig iron,
149; effect of, in removal of metalloids,
400, 402; effect of, in removing phos
phorus, 397; effect of, on phosphorus in
pig iron, 149; effect of, on strength of
cast iron, 152; high, effect of, on coke
and charcoal, 289; high, effect of ex-
posure, cast iron to, on condition of car-
bon, 159; high, effect of, on reduction of
silicon, 162; high, in Bessemer converter,
maintained by silicon, 163; in basic
process, 422; increased rate of, towards
hearth in charcoal furnaces, 295; in-
fluence of, in removal of phosphorus in
puddling, 403; low, in blast furnace,
effect of, on sulphur, 164; low, of blast, in
Sweden, 283; mode of ascertaining, in
charcoal furnace, 295; most favourable
for carbon deposition, 190; of basic
blow, 425; of blast and capacity of
furnace, tables showing results effected
by, 244; of blast, each successive
addition to, not attended with same
economy, 87; of blast in Vordernberg
furnace, 283; of blast, limit to which it
can be raised, 266; of blast, limit of profit-
able increase of, 86; of blast, limits of
useful elevation of, 124; of blast, value of
successive additions to, 249; of different
levels of blast furnaces, 203; of escaping
gases, changes in, before and after charg-
ing furnace, 180; of escaping gases,
effect of by a round of materials on, 180;
of escaping gases, in determining action
of mixtures of carbonic oxide and car-
bonic acid in reduction of ore, 185;
of gases determined by chemical action
in upper zone of furnace, 99; of
gases, increase of, while discontinuing
charging, 178; of materials filling two
furnaces, diagram of, 203; of water-
gas as generated from coke, 332; re-
quired for deoxidation of Cleveland ore,
191; required for oxidation of iron by car-
bonic acid, 184. (See also blast furnace.)
Thickness of the Cleveland ironstone, 119.
Thomas and Gilchrist, use of lime lining by,
406.

Timber as a source of heat in the blast
furnace, 134.

Tin-plate bars, iron used for, in Great
Britain, 348.

Titanium, presence of, in iron, 167.
Tooth's revolving furnace, 365.

Transport charges, America, to, on pig iron,

604; cheap instance of, by water in the
United States, 595; coal and ore, on, 693;
increase of, and effect on American agri-
culture, 608; in Southern States of
America, 694; of iron ore in United States,
473; on iron from imported ores, 691; on
iron from Iron Mountain of Missouri,
692; on iron from Lake Champlain ore,
691; on iron from Lake Superior ore, 690;
on iron from New Jersey, 691; on rail-
ways, British and Foreign, compared, 601;
United Kingdom and United States com-
pared, 473; wheat, on, from United States
to Liverpool, 541. (See also railway
rates.)

Tudhoe refined iron, analyses of, 355.
Tunner, examination of Wrbna furnace by,

.

293.

Tuyeres, blowing-in fuel for smelting iron
at, 137; carbon burnt at, in blast furnace,
68; composition of gases at, 177; decom-
position of water at, 172; disappearance
of carbonic acid at, 200; effect of derange-
ment at, 168; effect of increase of tem-
perature at, 104; heat evolved at, 162;
increase of oxygen and carbon at, 211;
injecting gas at the, 137; quantity of
oxygen which should be found at, 214;
small quantity of carbonic acid at the,
200. (See also blast furnace.)

United Kingdom, consumption of drink in,
492; exports of iron from, and imports
into, 707.

United States, as an iron exporting centre,
472, 695; Bessemer works in, 571; blast
furnace labour in, 562; cheap convey-
ance by water in, 595; colliery labour
in, 558; costs of iron in, 689; cost of
iron ores in, 472; cost of labour and
cost of food, connection between, 553;
earnings in, 565; expense of provisions
in, 552; export of food from, 553; farm-
ing in. 540; farming in, Clare Sewell
Read thereon, 541; finishing mills, wages
at, 509; increased production of iron in,
446; iron ore, resources of, 472; labour
in, 539; living and labour, cost of, 547;
malleable iron labour at. 566; mechanics
in, compared with England, 559; ore
mines in. compared with England, 557;
position of iron trade of, 468; provisions
from, 480; puddling, cost of, in, 566;
railways in, 572; Weeks, J. D., on labour
in, 575; wheat, cost of growing in, 544;
wheat freight into England from, 542;
wheat in, Read and Pell on, 541. (See
also America.)

Utilisation of waste heat of coke ovens in
raising steam, 51.

Value of products recovered from coking
coal, 328.

Variations in the conditions of making pig
iron, 262.

Vaughan, John, improvements in blast
furnaces, by, 23.

Volatile constituents should be expelled in
upper part of blast furnace, 46.
Vordernberg furnaces, temperature of blast
at, 283.

Wages, agricultural, 475; agricultural,
determine to some extent wages in manu
factures, 477; agricultural, on Medi-
terranean, 476; blast furnaces, Cleveland
and Continent of Europe compared, 521;
blast furnaces, England and United States
compared, 562; effect of gold discoveries
on, 497; effect of high, on iron trade,
464; effect of improvement in, 497;
high, connection of, with drinking habits,
491; in anthracite mine of America, 555;
in coal work, America and Durham, 558;
in Connellsville coal region, etc., 558; in
mining ore, in England and America, 559;
mechanics', in England, 559; mechanics',
in United States, 560; mechanics',
England and United States compared,
561; of mechanics, British and foreign
compared, 499; of mechanics, increase
of, 497; paid at Indian tea plantations
and blast furnaces, 476; paid at Spanish
ironworks, 476; paid at works in Austria
and Sweden, 477; purchasing power of,
479.

Wales, South, experience of fire-brick stoves
in, 257; waste of iron in puddling in,

363.

Walloon fires, 345.

Waste in basic and acid Bessemer processes
compared, 412; in combustion of raw
coal, percentage loss of heat evolved by,
139; of heat, avoidance of, 247.
Water, amount of, in furnaces using raw
coal, 324; decomposition of, in hearth of
blast furnace, 322; effect of, in blast fur-
nace, 172; evaporation of, in best marine
engine, 138; quantity condensed at gas
works per ton of coal, 314; uncombined
effect of presence of, in blast furnace, 236.
Water-gas, analysis of. 333; as obtained
from steam and raw coal, 335; carbon
required for generation of, 331; Dawes
trials of, in blast furnace, 329; generated
from coke, temperature of, 332; heat
from, compared with that from raw coal,
335; most recent mode of manufacture
of, 330; product obtained from coal, 334;
production of at Essen, 329; proposed as
a fuel for smelting iron, 329; proposed
use in blast furnace. 593; pure, heat from

Water-gas-Continued.

combustion of, 334; reducing power and
use of, in blast furnace, 337; tempera-
ture of combustion of, 336; trial of, in
Staffordshire, 329; unsuited for reducing
iron in blast furnace, 341; use of, in
blast furnace with coke, 340. (See also
blast furnace.)
Water-jacket for puddling furnaces, 371.
Weeks, J. D., at Middlesbrough, 699; Eng-
lish and American labour compared by,
575; on cost of farm labour in U.S.A., 544.
Weight of coke required per ton of pig, 262.
Welding properties of puddled iron, 381.
West coast of England, experience attend-
ing use of superheated air on, 256.
West Cumberland and Lancashire, iron ores
of, 458.

West Yorkshire iron, analyses of, 434.
Wheat, cost of carriage to Liverpool from
United States, 541; cost of, in reign of
Charles II., 478; decennial average
prices of, 481; importations of, 481;
Read and Pell, cost of growing of, in
U.S.A., 541.

White cinder, oxide of iron in, 291.
White iron, cause of production of, 161;
combined carbon usually most largely
found in, 158; contains more sulphur
than grey, 161; due to imperfect fnr-
nace working, 161; make of, in charcoal
furnace, 284; make of, in Cleveland fur-
naces, 285; occurrence of carbonic acid
in production of, 201; presence of sulphur
in, 417; produced by contact of oxide of
iron with grey cast iron, 159; use of, in
basic process,417. (See also blast furnace.)
White smoke, emission of, from furnace

cinder, 174; from slag, composition of, 174.
Williams, E., on importance of shape of
furnace, 268; on make of malleable iron
in North of England. 459; on revolving
furnace, 539.

157.

Y-Barra, direct process practised by, 33.
Yorkshire West, iron, analyses of,

high quality of, 153.

Young, Dr., on cost of living in Germa
485; on drinking habits of workmed,
490; on labour and cost of living in
Europe and U.S.A. compared, 482; on
labour at farming in U.S.A., 545; on
workmen's expenditure in Germany, 547.
Zinc metallic, behaviour of, in contact with
carbonic acid, 227; collection of, in blast
furnace, 228; in furnace fume, 226. (See
also blast furnace.)

Zoll Verein, export of steel rails from,

580.

Zones of reduction, of heat interception and
of fusion, 72.