account of his flight from Italy, through Switzerland and France. His History of the Popes is a work of no high repute. His name is frequently confounded with that of Bowyer, the printer, who published an edition of the Greek Testament, with a collection of Conjectural Emendations.

VII. The literary philanthropists of this period deserve likewise a distinct section. Born at Hackney, and bred a grocer, Howard had nearly attained his 50th year, 1773, when serving the office of sheriff, and contemplating the state of the prisoners, he first conceived those sentiments of extended benevolence, which conferred on him, in the end, the title of The Philanthropist. He began by visiting the jails throughout England, with the view of alleviating the miseries of their tenants. In 1777 appeared his valuable treatise on the Prisons in England and Wales; and in 1789, his Account of Lazarettoes in Europe. Setting forth on an expedition of charity, he, among other places, visited Rome, where he was so full of his object, as not to bestow even a day on inspecting the curiosities of that city; and perhaps it may have been fortunate for the world, that a grocer knew nothing about antiquities. Proceeding in his course, he fell a sacrifice to an infectious disorder, at Cherson on the Black Sea, A.D. 1790. A statue of Howard is erected in St. Paul's Cathedral facing that of Dr. Johnson: this is right; for the triumphs of the heart deserve

commemoration, not less than the power of the intellect.

Worthy of a second place in the annals of philanthropy is Jonas Hanway; who, on returning from his travels in Persia, became a principal institutor of the Marine Society, and patron of the Magdalene Hospital. He died 1784; having written a work on Sunday schools, then just commencing, and a volume entitled Domestic Happiness Promoted.

VIII. Besides the parliamentary enactments interspersed in the foregoing chapter, several bills were passed for protecting the privileges of the two Universities, in regard to exemption from service in the militia, the assize of bread, the setting up of trades within their several jurisdictions, and the duties on paper for printing certain books. Leases of tithes, and incorporeal hereditaments for three lives, or twenty-one years, were made valid on the same footing with those of lands, as established by 32 Henry VIII.

With wise attention to the interests of the clergy, it was ordered, that to prevent the charges on dilapidations, an estimate should be made of the price of the proposed building, and of the value of the living; after which, the incumbent may mortgage the glebe, tithes, &c. to the amount of two years' value, for twenty-five years, until the whole costs be paid; while, on failure in payment for forty days, the mortgagee may distrain.

An acre for each 100l. may be purchased by sale or exchange of the glebe, within one mile of the church, for new buildings; and the bishop can compel the incumbent to insure. The succeeding incumbents shall pay the interest due, and five per cent. of the sum originally advanced, or ten per cent. if non-residents. From Queen Anne's bounty, money may be borrowed without interest, if the living be under the value of 50l.; if above, a sum equal to two years' income may be had at four per cent.

The act 36 Geo. III. ch. 83, allows the bishop to assign a stipend to the curate; and, where the rector does not reside four months in

the year, the parsonage house and garden, or 157. in lieu thereof. All chapelries and curacies augmented by Queen Anne's bounty, shall be on the same footing with presentative livings; not only as by 1 Geo. I. s. 2. ch. 10, in regard to the avoidance of other benefices, but further, the licence to such perpetual cures shall be held equivalent to institution; and the ordinary may appoint a stipend to the officiating curate; which he may likewise revoke, though subject to an appeal to the archbishop.

Bishops were allowed to ordain foreigners, who were to officiate abroad, without requiring the oath of allegiance.

Toleration, not guided by sound wisdom, is apt to err; at one time by incautious latitude,

and at another by unreasonable exclusion. An act was passed for exempting protestant dissenters from subscribing the Thirty-nine Articles, and enabling them to teach schools, and to plead exemption from militia service, on taking the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and subscribing to the truth of the Scriptures: a sage measure, enabling every blacksmith, by calling himself a preacher, to evade his civil duties, and to throw them on his simpler neighbour; while its fellow, the licencing act, would open his smithy for a chapel. Another act afforded the like privileges to Catholics: prohibiting, at the same time, the founding of any school bound by religious vows; or the admission of Protestant children into Catholic schools.

The observance of the Sabbath ought to be a leading object with legislators; seeing it is wiser and easier policy to prevent crime, than to crush it after it has been suffered to prevail. Penalties were awarded against the using of a gun on Sunday, or on Christmas day. The baking of rolls on Sunday was prohibited: as was that of pies and meat puddings, except from nine o'clock A. M. to one P. M. Houses of public entertainment, or debating societies, were forbidden to be opened on Sunday; yet permission was publicly given, for fish-carts to pass on Sundays and holidays into London.

All such restrictions ought to be general and

impartial. Why are stage coaches permitted to travel: and lawyers notoriously to hold consultations; and the speaker to entertain a dozen or two of cooks, on the Sabbath!

Among miscellaneous acts may be classed that for settling the amount of probate duties, and of legacy receipt stamps; the whole of which are highly exorbitant, and latterly obtained with a scrupulousness bordering on vexation: than which nothing more strongly tends to chill, and to alienate from the right cause, the affections of the loyal. By another act parish registers were ordered to be stamped; but a subsequent law repealed this paltry and harassing measure.

The oath of abjuration, previous to taking any civil office, was added to those of allegiance and supremacy. The royal family were prevented from contracting marriages, without consent of the King.

Servants belonging to certain public hospitals were exempted from the duty on servants.Church-ways were ordered to be repaired by the landholders Suits for defamation shall be entered within six months.-No suit for incontinence shall be brought into court after eight calendar months from the commission of the crime.-Persons guilty of polygamy were pronounced liable to transportation.