The place and significance of the present work will be made more clear by some further information about the Institute for Research in Land Economics, in which the need for investigation is emphasized. The Institute for Research in Land Economics was founded in October, 1920. It has a staff of resident research workers and has the coöperation of a number of professors in universities and agricultural colleges, and members of federal and state departments of agriculture. A group of mature and experienced graduate students have joined in its studies. The Institute has begun a number of investigations, and will, as it expands, take up others for which the need is great. As a motto the Institute has taken the following words written by Professor Frank A. Fetter: My own conviction has long been that the land question far transcends any restricted field of economics and that it is fundamental to national survival and national welfare. It is truly a problem calling for statesmanship of the broadest type. The character of the Institute is further indicated by the Board of Trustees, which consists of the following gentlemen: Justice M. B. Rosenberry (Supreme Court of Wisconsin), President of the Board of Trustees Richard T. Ely (Professor of Economics, University of Wisconsin), Director of Research John H. Finley (late Commissioner of Education of the State of New York and President of the University of the State of New York. Now of the editorial department of the New York Times.) Colonel Henry S. Graves (Ex-Chief of the United States Forest Service) Henry C. Taylor (Chief, Bureau of Markets, United States Department of Agriculture) W. S. Kies (Banker, Aldred and Company, New York City) Finally, it may be said that the Institute for Research in Land Economics has no private aims. All the funds which are received are devoted to its work just as in the case of an endowed university. RICHARD T. ELY, Director, Institute for Research in Land Economics. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author takes this occasion to express his gratitude to the officials and specialists who have so often in the past given him information and the benefit of their opinions in city planning and allied subjects. He wishes especially to thank Thomas Adams, Esq., former President of the Town Planning Institute of Great Britain, Secretary and Manager of Letchworth Garden City, and Town Planning Inspector to the Local Government Board of England and Wales, and at present Housing and Town Planning Adviser to the Commission of Conservation of Canada; Albert S. Bard, Esq., of the New York Bar, who acted as secretary of the Mayor's Bill Board Advertising Commission, and has been for so many years a Director and twice the President of the Municipal Art Society of New York; Major George B. Ford, again in New York, after his work for the Red Cross and the Renaissance des Cités in reconstructing France; Dr. H. Lindemann, editor of Kommunales Jahrbuch and Director of the Institute for Social Research at Cologne; Hendrick W. van Loon, Esq., the historian in severe print and gayer but no less instructive pictures; Dr. John Nolen, the planner of many cities; Frederick Law Olmsted, Esq., many times President of the National Conference on City Planning and the American City Planning Institute, and at this time President of the American Society of Landscape Architects; Lawson Purdy, Esq., for many years the President of the Board of Tax Commissioners of the City of New York; M. Georges Risler, founder of the Société des Habitations à Bon Marché and the Société des Architects Urbanistes and President of the Musée Social, and Dr. Delos F. Wilcox, formerly Deputy Commissioner of Water, Gas and Electricity, New York City, for their kind criticisms of portions of this work; and especially Edward M. Bassett, Esq., eminent authority on the law of city planning and zoning, for his helpful criticism of the book as a whole; for the statements and opinions of which, however, the author assumes entire responsibility. The author wishes also to thank the Chamber of Commerce of Akron, Ohio (for whom Akron and its Planning Law was written), the City Planning Commission of Bridgeport, Connecticut (for whom the Report on Legal Methods of Carrying Out the Changes Proposed in the Plan of Bridgeport was prepared), D. Appleton and Co., publishers of City Planning (National Municipal League Series, New York, 1916), and the editors of the American City, Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Landscape Architecture, and the National Municipal Review, for their permission to use again material first printed by them. The author is greatly indebted to William C. Dickinson, Esq., for the making of the general index, and to the Economics Department of the New York City Public Library and the staff of the Library of the Harvard University School of Landscape Architecture, for invaluable assistance in the preparation of the bibliography. Note A: Statutes of Excess and Zone Condemnation and Replot- ting in Europe. No. 1. The English Unhealthy Areas Act. No. 2. The French Expropriation Law of 1841 as Amended by the Excess Condemnation Law of 1918. No. 3. The German Replotting Laws. Note B: Excess Condemnation Provisions in the United States. Constitutional Amendments: No. 1. Massachusetts. No. 2. Ohio. No. 3. Wisconsin. No. 4. New York. No. 5. Rhode Island.-Stat- utes: No. 6. New Jersey, 1870. No. 7. Ohio, 1904. No. 8. Oregon, 1913. No. 9. Virginia, 1906-1916.—Statutes under Constitutional Note C: Setback Statutes in the United States. No. 1. Massa- Note D: Zoning Provisions in Germany. No. 1. Housing in German Cities. No. 2. The Frankfort Ordinances. No. 3. The Note E: Zoning Provisions in the United States. No. 1. The Massachusetts Constitutional Amendment. No. 2. The New York PART VI. PLANNING FOR THE PROMOTION OF BEAUTY 381 Note F: Statutes for the Promotion of Beauty in Europe. No. 1. The French Law for the Protection of Natural Beauty. No. 2. The French Law for the Protection of Places and Objects of His- toric and Artistic Interest. No. 3. The English Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendments Act, 1913. No. 4. The English Ad- PART VII. PLANNING ADMINISTRATION CHAPTER I. PLANNING ADMINISTRATION IN ITALY, SWEDEN AND GERMANY 443 Note G: The General Planning Laws of Italy, Germany and Holland. No. 1. The Italian Expropriation Law of 1865. No. 2. The Prussian Street and Building Line Law of 1875 and Housing CHAPTER II. PLANNING ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND, CANADA AND Note H: The English and French General Planning Laws. No. 1. The English Town Planning Acts, 1909 and 1919. No. 2. The Note 1: General Planning Laws in the United States. No. 1. The Minnesota Planning Law. No. 2. The New Jersey Municipal |