Principles of the Manufacture of Iron and Steel: With Some Notes on the Economic Conditions of Their ProductionG. Routledge, 1884 - 744 pages |
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Common terms and phrases
20 units 80 feet action afforded amount analyses average Bessemer blast furnace burnt calcined calories capacity carbon as carbonic carbonic acid cent charcoal cinder Clarence Cleveland stone CO₂ combustion composition consumed consumption contained converter cubic feet cwts deoxidation difference employed escaping gases estimated experience figures fuel fusion given grammes hearth heat evolved heat units hematite hot blast hydrogen increase iron trade ironstone labour less lime limestone loss malleable iron Manganese manufacture materials matter metallic iron metalloids mineral nitrogen obtained oxide of iron oxygen peroxide of iron phosphoric acid phosphorus pig iron pig metal portion present produced Protoxide puddling furnace quantity of carbon quantity of heat raw coal reducing referred silica silicon slag smelting specimens steel substances sulphur temperature tons Total tuyeres unit of carbon unit of coke units of iron units of pig volume waste water-gas weight zone
Popular passages
Page 99 - ... example, very little increase of lung capacity can be expected ; yet even here, I have noted a decided improvement in the contour of the chest, as well as the acquirement of increased respiratory power. It is during childhood, however, that the greatest successes of physical culture are to be noted, and it is not difficult to understand why this should be the case. All the conditions are at that time favorable for development. The bones and cartilages forming the framework of the chest contain...
Page 448 - ... given fair warning of the probable issue of Dr. Wight's efforts in the sister presidency, and with its abandonment would seem to settle the question that India will not again become, as it once was, a great cotton-growing country. In 1796 America did not export a single pound. In 1834 she exported as much as all the rest of the world put together. And in 1846, out of 467,856,274 Ibs.
Page 103 - From these analyses, it will be observed that the poor wheel contains 0.07 per cent, more sulphur than the other. Bell,f in speaking of the influence of sulphur upon cast-iron, observes that, "speaking in general terms, it seems probable that the presence of this element interferes, in some way, with the separation of carbon in the graphitic state, a condition which appears essential to the formation of soft iron.
Page 315 - Fuller's earth to the extent of 5 per cent of the weight of the tallow is added and the whole mass agitated about thirty minutes.
Page 478 - Second, was fifty shillings. Bread therefore, such as is now given to the inmates of a workhouse, was then seldom seen, even on the trencher of a yeoman or of a shopkeeper. The great majority of the nation lived almost entirely on rye, barley, and oats.
Page 585 - Hewitt, who says of Alabama : " It is the only place upon the North American continent where it is possible to make iron in competition with the cheap iron of England, as measured not by the wages paid, but by the number of days' labor which enter into its production.
Page 473 - The distances over which ore is conveyed are sometimes very great; as an example the produce of the Lake Superior Mines is carried to Pittsburg, involving carriage of 790 miles. The cost of transport on the minerals consumed for each ton of pig iron I have calculated> to average 10s. 9d. at the eight chief seats of the iron trade in Great Britain ; whereas in the United States the mean charge at fourteen of the large centres in 25s.
Page 228 - ... not only the virulence with which the febrile poison acts on the blood, but also the particular organic lesions which occur. Now these variable lesions which occur in various epidemics, and which are known to modify the duration of fevers, not being sufficiently characterized by symptoms during life, it is impossible to speak with any degree of confidence as to the precise organic lesion in them ; so that no numerical calculation will afford much aid to the practical physician in single cases....
Page 585 - ... not by the wages paid, but by the number of days' labor which enter into its production. The cheapest place on the globe until now for the manufacture of iron is the Cleveland district, in Yorkshire, England. The distance of the coal and iron from the furnaces there averages about twenty miles. Now, in Alabama, the coal and the ore are in many places within half a mile of each other. This region, so exhaustless in supplies, so admirably furnished with coal, so conveniently communicating with...
Page 65 - ... very large proportion of the 8,000, evolved in the low hearth escapes into the air unutilized. In the low fire, as experience tells us, there is an enormous waste of heat, which is indeed visible in the flame and incandescence at the surface of the fuel. On the other hand, in a blast furnace of 80 feet the materials are, it is true, red hot for more than 50 feet above the hearth, but the upper surface of the materials, instead of being red hot, exhibits little or no signs of incandescence, proving...