1 Millier or Tonneau .. M. or T.(1,000 Kg.).. =1 Kl. or 1 Cu.m =1 Hl. or 0.1 Cu. m.... =1 Dl. or 10 Cu. dm... =2204.6 lbs.(avoird) =220.46 pounds. 22.046 pounds. =2.2046 pounds. 3.5274 ounces. =0.3527 ounce. =15.432 grains. 1.5432 grains. 0.1543 grain.] 0.0154 grain. One kilogram is equal to a weight represented by one liter of distilled water at 4 degrees C. One inch = 2.5 centimeters nearly; one quart (wine measure) = 0.946 liter; one pound Troy = 0.373 kilogram; one acre = 0.4046 hectare. To reduce (approximately) grains to grams, divide by 10 and from the quotient subtract one-third of itself; to reduce drachms to grams, multiply by 4; to reduce ounces to grams, multiply by 32. To convert degrees of one thermometer scale into those of another. Fahr. into Cent.Divide by 9, multiply[by 5 and deduct 32; Cent. into Fahr.-Multiply by 9, divide by 5 and dd 32. GLOSSARY. This Report has been prepared for the benefit of all classes of per-ons in the State, and it has been the wish to make its language as clear and intelligible as possible. A few technical terms, however, are so inseparably interwoven into the consideration of the subject of public hygiene that the avoidance of their use is impossible, and as it is desirable that the general public should become acquainted with their meaning, and especially to know in what sense they are used in the present work, this Glossary is introduced. Aerobic. Applied to bacteria that can flourish only in the presence of air. Etiology. [See Etiology]. Anaerobic. Applied to bacteria that can grow in the absence of air. Anorexia. Want of appetite. Antiseptics. Agents which prevent or retard putrefaction; or as now understood, those which prevent the development of pathogenic or fermentative organisms. Some of these which, in weaker solutions, act as antiseptics, in stronger solutions, being destructive of the life of the organisms, are also disinfectants. Axilla. The arm-pit. Bacilli. The plural of bacillus. Bacillus. One genus of bacteria in which the length of the cells distinctly exceeds their thickness. They are sometimes arranged in threads. Bacillus anthracis. The bacillus of anthrax, the essential cause of the disease. Bacteria. Unicellular organisms, microscopic in size, on the border land between the vegetable and the animal kingdom, but now regarded as pertaining to the former. Schizomycetes. Bacteriology. That branch of science relating to the bacteria. Caecum. The uppermost part of the large intestine, next to the ileum, and separated from it by the ileo-caecal valve. Cannula. A small tube. Caseation. A degenerative change into a substance resembling cheese. Clinical. Pertaining to a bed. Clinical observations are observations which are made at the bedside of the patient. Contagion. The specific cause of certain diseases by means of which they may be transmitted. Also applied to the act of transmission of communicable diseases. Contagious. Capable of being transmitted by contagion; communicable; infectious. But little effort has been made in this report to discriminate between the meaning of Contagious and Infectious; although their derivation and original application were different, most of the later medical writers of Europe and America use the two words interchangeably. This, at least in works for popular use, is the less confusing way. Coryza. Cold in the head. Cyanosis. A bluish color of the skin due to lack of oxygen in the blood. De novo. Anew. As applied to the origin of infectious diseases, their appearance independent of the contagion of preceding cases. Deodorants. Substances which destroy offensive smells. Soine, but not all deodorants, are also disinfectants. (See Disinfectants.) Desquamation. The shedding of the outer skin, usually in scales, after scarlatina and some other diseases. Diagnosis. The determination of the character of a discase. Diastase. A nitrogenous principle developed in grain during fermentation, and having the property of converting starch into that form of sugar which is called glucose. Diplococcus. Double bacteria, of those which are constricted in the centre in the process of division. Disease germs. Disease-producing bacteria. Micro-organisms whose reception into the system, and multiplication in it, produce the contagious diseases. Disinfectants. Agents or substances by means of which the contagion of diseases may be destroyed. Often improperly applied to substances which, though useful as deodorants or antiseptics, are nearly or quite valueless as germicides. Duodenum. The first and upper portion of the small intestine. Dyspnoea. Difficult or labored breathing. Endemic. Applied to diseases which prevail in particular localities of districts, and which are due to local conditions or causes. Enteric fever. Typhoid fever. Enzyine. A chemical ferment. Epidemic. Common to, or affecting many people at the same time; generally prevailing; the causes of epidemics were formerly very generally regarded as depending upon an "epidemic constitution of the atmosphere," but of this there has never been collected any satisfactory proof. The more we study epidemiology the more we are led to look to contagion and the laws which govern its diffusion for an explanation of the occurrence of epidemics. Epithelium. The outer layer of the skin and mucous membranes. Epizootic. Applied to the diseases of animals in the same sense as epidemic is used with reference to human diseases; affecting many animals at the same time. Epistaxis. Nose-bleed. Etiology. The causation of diseases. Fauces. The throat; the posterior part of the mouth, terminating with the pharynx and larynx. Fission. Division; the common method of multiplication with many of the lowest organisms. Fomites Substances or articles which are liable to carry the contagion of diseases. Germicides. Destroyers of germs; disinfectants. Glandular. Relating to glands. Haemoptysis. Bleeding from the lungs or air passages. Haemorrhage. Loss of blood. Hectic. Pertaining to consumption or to a wasting. Hepatization. A change through which the structure of the lungs or other organs comes to resemble liver. House-drain. That part of the house-drainage system which carries the wastes from the soil-pipe and waste-pipe to the sewer. Hygiene. The science and art relating to the preservation of health. Ileum. The third or lower portion of the small intestine. Incubation. Hatching; as applied to diseases, that period between the reception of the infection and the appearance of the first symptoms. Infection. Contagion; the specific cause of communicable diseases, now known in many diseases, and supposed in others, to be a microscopic organism. Infectious. Communicable, as a disease; contagious. (See Contagious.) Immunity. Freedom from liability to disease. Inoculation. Insertion of a known or suspected virus into the tissues of an animal or into a test-culture. Laryngitis. Inflammation of the larynx. Lesion. A wound, injury, or morbid change of a part. Malaise. Uneasiness, discomfort. Meningeal. Pertaining to the meninges. Meninges. The membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis. Inflammation of the meninges. Mesentric. Pertaining to the mesentery. Mesentery. The double fold of peritoneum connecting the small intestines with the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. Meteorological. Pertaining to meteorology, or that science which treats of the air and its phenomena. Miasm. A term vaguely applied to noxious exhalations. Micrococcus. A genus of the bacteria, consisting of very small, globular or oval organisms. Micro-organism. A minute organism. Non-pyrexial. Without fever. Nosology. Classification of diseases. Edema. A swelling from effusion of serous fluid into the cellular tissues. Papule. A pimple, or small elevation of the skin containing no visible fluid. Pathogenic. Generative or productive of disease. Pathological. Pertaining to pathology; diseased. Peritoneum. viscera. A serous membrane investing the abdominal walls and Phthisis. Consumption; pulmonary tuberculosis. Physiology. The science which treats of the functions of living animals or plants. Pleura. The serous membrane lining the cavity of the chest. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the pleura. Prognosis. The prediction, from the present symptoms of a disease, of its future course or termination. Proteids. Non-crystallizable substances including nitrogen in their com position, partly of animal and partly of vegetable origin. Pseudo-membrane. False membrane. Ptomaines. Basic compounds resulting from putrefactive changes in animal tissues. Many are highly poisonous. Remittent. A form of fever in which there is no complete intermission, but only an abatement of symptoms. Sanitaria. Plural of sanitarium. Sanitarium. An establishment for the cure of diseases. Scarlatina. Another name for scarlet fever. Schizomycetes. A class of unicellur organisms multiplying by fission and also in some cases by the formation of spores. Septic. Pertaining, or due to putrefaction. Bacteria. Serous. Relating to serum, or to the membranes which secrete it. Sewage. The liquid or other filth conveyed in sewers. Sewer. Sewerage. A system of sewers. Soil-pipe. The pipe which conveys excreta from water-closets and urinals. (See House-drain.) Sporadic. Applied to diseases, it means occurring in single or scattered cases, as opposed to epidemic or endemic, in which numbers, or many are affected. |