and the Heads of Houses, and was favourably received by the Queen herself.

Mr. Jewel, on his expulsion, did not quit the University, but withdrew to Broadgate-Hall (now Pembroke College), where he continued his lectures, and attended his pupils as usual. Being soon afterward however constrained, upon the re-establishment of Popery, at the peril of his life to subscribe to the Romish tenets, as it was well known that his signature was compulsive, the Dean of Christ Church resolved to secure him, in order that he might be closely examined by Bonner the grand inquisitor. Jewel receiving private intelligence of his design, left Oxford the very night upon which he was required to attend, and taking a bye-road for London pursued his journey on foot, till through mere exhaustion he was compelled to lie down by the way-side. In this situation, he was providentially found by Augustine Bernher a Swiss, who had been in the service of Bishop Latimer,* and was now a divine. gentleman procured him a horse, and accompanied him to the house of Lady Anne Warcup, by whom he was hospitably entertained for some time, and afterward privately conveyed to the capital. Here it was only by the greatest precaution, that he could elude the activity of Bonner's emissaries, being frequently constrained to change his lodgings in the night. At length, his escape from England was happily effected by the care of his friend Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, who provided him a vessel and furnished him with money for his support, and of Giles Lawrence a fellow-collegian, who conducted him on board.

This

*He published the Collection of his old master's Sermons in 1540,

Upon reaching the Continent, he proceeded to Frankfort, where he arrived in 1554, and immediately made a public protestation of his contrition for having subscribed to the Romish faith. Peter Martyr had left England on the first notice of the death of Edward VI., and now resided at Strasburgh: with him therefore Mr, Jewel, by his express invitation, now went to reside. He had converted his house into a kind of college for learned men, and he con stituted his new visitor his deputy: he, likewise, profited by his assistance in his theological lectures, and was accompanied by him to Zurich. From Zurich Jewel probably made an excursion to Padua, and there commenced his friendship with Signior Scipio, a noble Venetian, to whom he subsequently addressed his Epistle relative to the Council of Trent.'*

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When the joyful intelligence of Elizabeth's accession called him back to England, he joined several other Protestant exiles, all equally anxious to revisit their native country, and embarked for London in the beginning of the year 1559. These fortunate fugitives (for so may we correctly pronounce those, who escaped the horrors of the preceding reign) were graciously received by the young Queen; and several of them, most eminent for their piety and learning among the clergy, were speedily provided for in the church. Mr. Jewel, in particular, was enrolled among the sixteen divines, appointed to hold a public disputation against the Papists in Westminster Abbey,

*This work, of which the full title was, Epistola ad Scipionem Patricium Venetum, de causis cur Episcopi Angli ad Concilium Tridentinum non convenirent,' was printed at the end of Father Paul's History of that Council translated by Sir Nathaniel Brent, 1629.

March 31, 1559. In the ensuing July, he was constituted one of the Visitors injoined to purge the western dioceses of Popery; and in January, 1560, he was promoted to the see of Salisbury.

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About this time, certain ecclesiastical habits were directed to be worn by the different orders of the English clergy. This occasioned a warm controversy; from which it appears that Jewel, though he deemed it proper to comply with the orders issued by his Sovereign, by no means approved of the vestments in question; for, in his letters to his foreign friends, he complained of them, as the habits of the stage,' the relics of the Amorites,' &c. "Some," he ob serves, were so much set on the matter of the habits, as if the Christian religion consisted in garments: but he would set no value on these fopperies."* He objected, also, to the crucifix retained in the Queen's chapel. Upon this article, as he himself states in a letter to his friend Martyr, a debate was to take place, before some of the council, between Parker and Cox on one side, and Grindal and himself on the other. "He could but laugh within himself," he adds, "when he thought what solid and grave reasonings would be brought out on this occasion. He was told, that it was resolved to have crucifixes of silver or tin set up in all churches; and that such, as would not obey this, would be turned out of their bishoprics.' If that were true, he would be no longer a bishop."

Soon after his consecration, first at court and sub

* Subsequently, however, he not only thought proper to comply with the royal orders upon the subject; but, likewise, enforced conformity on this point, in some instances with unbecoming rigour,

sequently in a sermon preached at St. Paul's Cross, he gave a public challenge* to all Papists, natives or *to foreigners, to produce a single evidence, either from the Fathers or from any other writers who flourished in the first six centuries of the Christian æra, in favour of any one of the articles of the Romish faith; and two years afterward, upon finding that no satisfactory answer was likely to be made to his appeal, he published in Latin his celebrated Apology for (or, rather, Defence of) the English Church.'†

* Of this noble Challenge, To the learned of his adversaries, or to all the learned men that be alive,' see Concilia Magné Britanniæ, IV. 220.

+ This production, distinguished equally by it's strength and it's elegance, incurred a severe censure from the Council of Trent, and endured uninjured the attacks of a Spanish and an Italian bishop. It was translated from the Latin by Anne, the second of the four learned daughters of Sir Antony Cooke, and mother of Sir Francis Bacon; and was published as it came from her pen, in 1564, with the approbation of the Queen and her prelates. It was printed also in Greek at Constantinople, under the direction of Cyril the Patriarch, who was murthered by the Jesuits. A Greek version of it, likewise, by John Smith, B. A. of Magdalen College, Oxford, has obtained credit and currency in England, and has recently been reprinted by the Rev. A. Campbell of Pontefract; who has also given a new edition of the original work, and an English version of it, accompanied with notes.

It was attacked 1563 by Mr. Harding in what he termed 'A Confutation of the Apology, &c.,' and vindicated by it's Author, with incidental notices of his other antagonists, in his Defence of the Apology,' &c. which was translated into Latin by Thomas Bradock of Christ's College, Cambridge, and printed at Geneva in 1600.

This last work of Jewel's was held in such esteem, that it was commanded by Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I., and four successive Archbishops of Canterbury, to be kept chained in all parish-churches for public use. Harding replied to it, in his * Detection of Sundry foul Errors, &c. in 1568; and Jewel printed is final Answer in the course of the same year.

The advocates for the Romish religion, in the mean while, both at home and abroad, were not idle. The deprived Dean of St. Paul's, Dr. Cole, commenced an epistolary controversy with Jewel upon the subject of his sermon: but railing, not argument, was Cole's talent. The Bishop's challenge had been issued at London in 1560; and four years afterward John Rastal, a Jesuit, published at Antwerp, what he stiled, A Confutation of Jewel's Sermon.' In the same year Thomas Dorman printed, at the same place, A Proof of certain Articles of Religion denied by Mr. Jewel.' Rastal was answered by William Fulke, and Dorman by Alexander Nowell, a brotherexile with Jewel, who had been rewarded for his merit and his sufferings with the Deanery of St. Paul's. But the only opponent, whose work may be said to have outlived the controversy, was the Harding* abovementioned.

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In reward for his eminent services, the University

*Harding, who had been fellow of New College, and in the reign of Edward VI. (as Chaplain to the Duke of Suffolk, and a strenuous friend of the Reformation) had endeavoured to prepare men for the persecution which was apprehended in Mary's days, revolted to Popery. Lady Jane Grey, daughter of his ducal patron, addressed a long letter to him upon his apostasy, which may be found in Fox's Acts and Monuments.'

This sturdy opponent published also at Louvain, in 1564, an Answer to Mr. Jewel's Challenge; which in 1566 received a full

Reply' from the Bishop, translated subsequently into Latin by William Whitaker, of Trinity College, Cambridge, and published at Geneva with the 'Apology' in 1578. To this 'Reply,' Harding drew up two Rejoinders 1566 and 1567. Jewel's Apology for the English Church,' and his Reply to Harding,' were translated into the Dutch, French, Spanish, Italian, and Greek languages; so that his works converted to Protestantism many thousands, who could not have the benefit of his personal instructions.