A Host of Tongues: Language Communities in the United States

African languages ain't American English Anglo Appalachian English areas Asian assimilation attitudes behavior bilingual education Black English Vernacular British century Cherokee Chicanos Chinese code-switching colonial conversation creole creole languages decreolization eastern England English speakers English-speaking ethnic European Figure forms French grammar Gullah Gullah and BEV Hawaiian Hispanics home language homeland hypercorrection immigrants Indian interaction Italian Italian Americans Japanese Jews Labov language communities language loss large numbers linguistic linguistic insecurity mainstream marker Mexico middle-class migration minority language monolingual mother tongue munities native American non-English language non-English speakers nonstandard speakers North Northern nouns Palute Pennsylvania German percent pidgin plantation population programs pronounced pronunciation r-lessness regional dialects Serbo-Croatian settled social society sociolinguistic sound Southern speak speech community spoken standard English stigmatized structure style teacher tion United urban variety verbs vocabulary vowel West African women words workers Yiddish York City