noun, 443; object, 444; after preposition, 445; peculiarities of infinitive in ing 446-7; adverbial objective, 448; subject to the infinitive, 449; other cases, 450 PARTICIPLES, 452-62: participles and participle-phrases, 452; constructions, 453 EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS, pp HAPTER XVI. — INTERROGATIVE AND IMPERATIVE SENTENCES - The three kinds of sentence, 463; interrogative sentence, 464; kinds of questions and their answers, 465-9; interrogative arrangement, 470; inverted conditiona sentence, 471; change of interrogative order, 472; kinds of interrogative clause 473; imperative mode and sentence, 474-5; kinds of imperative clause, 476 imperative-phrases, 477; other forms of imperative and optative expression 478-80; exclamatory interrogative sentence, 481. EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN INTERROGATIVE AND IMPERATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS CHAPTER XVII. — ABBREVIATED AND INCOMPLETE EXPRESSION Complete and incomplete sentences, 482; abbreviation, 483-4; abbreviation in co ordinate clauses, 485; use of conjunctions, compound members of sentence 486-8; abbreviation of dependent clause, 489-91; in question and answer 490; substitution for repeated parts of speech, 492-3; comparative clauses with as and than, 494; omission of parts of the sentence, 495; various cases 496-7; abbreviation for impressiveness, 498; exclamation, 499–502; interjec tional phrases, 503; change of character of words, 504-6; idioms and their expla EXERCISES, FOR PRACTICE IN ABBREVIATED EXPRESSION, pp. 250-2: XXXII INDEX (pp. 253–60). 1. The English language is the language used by the eople of England, and by all who speak like them anyhere else in the world; for example, in the United States. 2. There are hundreds and hundreds of different languages in he world, and the only way we can define any one of them is to ay: "It is the language used in such and such a region, or by uch and such people." The people from whom our language gets its name are those living in England. Their forefathers came to that country from the northern shore of Germany, about 1500 years ago, and drove out or destroyed the people who had lived in the country before, and who had spoken a very different language (much like what the Welsh, the language of Wales, is nowadays). 3. Because the English language was brought from Germany into England, being then only a dialect of German, it is still very much like the languages of Germany, and is for this reason often called a GERMANIC language (or a TEUTONIC, which means the same thing). And all the Germanic languages, along with most of the others in Europe, and a part of those of Asia, form a great body of languages resembling one another, and hence called a "family" the INDO-EUROPEAN (or the ARYAN) family. 4. The English-speaking people of England were conquered in the eleventh century by the Normans, a French-speaking people; . ine English also conquered and settled other countries : southern part of Scotland, and, a good deal later, most of and; and they have sent out colonies to all parts of the world, ch of course carried their English language with them, far out England. Some of these colonies have become great nations; especially, that in North America has grown and increased il it is as numerous a people as the English of England. as the English language is now used by many more people of England than in it; but it still keeps everywhere its old e. 5. Our English, however, is by no means the same lange that has always gone by that name, nor is it now d alike by all the people who speak it. -man. 7. The language first brought from Northern Germany to Engd was so different from ours that we should not understand it all if we heard it spoken; and we cannot learn to read it withas much study as it costs us, for example, to read French or The reason is, that every living language is all the e changing. Some old words go out of use; other new words e into use; some change their meaning; all, or almost all, nge their pronunciation; and our phrases, also, the ways in ich we put words together to express our thoughts, become by rees different. Such changes are sometimes very slow; but y are all the time going on, everywhere. A thousand years ce, if it lives so long, the English will be so far unlike what ow is that we, if we were to come to life again, should peros not understand it without a good deal of trouble. 3. The oldest English that we know anything of, the English the time of King Alfred and thereabouts (a thousand years ), we generally call ANGLO-SAXON, to distinguish it from that nen we say suupiу Bugusu, we mean one language ur time, such as we ourselves understand and use. . But there are considerable differences in the language n of English speakers at the present day. Thus, almost every region has some peculiarities in the y in which its speakers use their English. There are, for example, the peculiarities of the English of Ired, noticed by us in the Irish emigrant; those of the English Scotland, seen in the poetry of Burns, the stories of Scott, and her such places; and those of the negro English of the SouthUnited States. And, in general, an Englishman can tell an merican, and an American can tell an Englishman, by the way talks. When these peculiarities amount to so much that they begin interfere a little with our understanding the persons who have em, we say that such persons speak a DIALECT of English, ther than English itself. 10. Then there is also the difference between what we all "good English" and "bad English." By good English we mean those words, and those meanings of hem, and those ways of putting them together, which are used y the best speakers, the people of best education; everything which such people do not use, or use in another way, is bad English. Thus bad English is simply that which is not approved and accepted by good and careful speakers. Every one who speaks any language "naturally," as we call it, has really learned it from those whom he heard speak around him as he was growing up. But he is liable to learn it ill, forming bad and incorrect habits of speech; or he may learn it from those who have themselves learned it ill, and may copy their bad |
