...reports or false statements •with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the...refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States,...

...reports or false statements •with Latent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the...refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States,...

...began with review of convictions under the 1917 Espionage Act, which made it criminal "willfully [to] cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty,...or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces" or "willfully [to] obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States." 7 It was in...

...reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States, or to promote the success of its enemies, or shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements, or say or do anything except by...

...United States, or would promote the success of its enemies, or would cause insubordination, dissent, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces, or would obstruct the recruiting and enlistment service of the United States, or that such matter advocated...

...reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies." In addition, the act affected anyone who, while the country was at war, "shall willfully cause or attempt...

...reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the...refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States,...

...true opinions. Had they violated that section of the Espionage Act that prohibited "willfully causing insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States"? Hand conceded that the paper could produce disaffection among troops who read it,...

...against those promoting the enemy's success, interfering with recruitment, or "causing or attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States." A rider in October 1917 to the Trading with the Enemy Act permitted local postmasters...

...June 15, 1917, to restrict and curtail any and all opposition to the war. The act made it illegal to "willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination,...or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces ... or [to] obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States." Congress approved...